1. Chp-3-Strength Analysis of Beams According to ACI Code
From the early 1900s until the early 1960s, nearly all reinforced concrete design in the United States was performed by the working-stress design method (also called allowable-stress design or straight-line design). [n this method, frequently referred to as WSD, the dead and live loads to be supported, called working loads or service loads, were first estimated. Then the members of the structure were proportioned so that stresses calculated by a transformed area did not exceed certain permissible or allowable values.

2. equivalent rectangular block

4. Mu is factored load, φ is strength reduction factor.
Mn , is defined as the theoretical or nominal resisting moment of a section.
Mu is factored load, φ is strength reduction factor.

5. The usable flexural strength[or ultimate moment capacity]

6. p. 654
for fy = 40,000 psi, and f’c = 4,000 psi

8. BALANCED SECTIONS,
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTTONS and
COMPRESSTON-CONTROLLED OR BRITTLE SECTIONS

9. Please continue to read page 71 be able to interpret Figure 3
Please continue to read page 71 be able to interpret Figure 3.5 for comprehension of :

11. failure can occur in very lightly reinforced beams
failure can occur in very lightly reinforced beams. If the ultimate resisting moment of the section is less than its cracking moment, the section will fail immediately when a crack occurs. This type of failure may occur without warning.
To prevent such a possibility, the ACI (10.5.1) specifies a certain minimum amount of reinforcing that must be used at every section of flexural members where tensile reinforcing is required by analysis, whether for positive or negative moments. In the following equations, bw, represents the web width of beams.