1. Sensor Systems for CPI Sensor Transmitter temperature sensors
flow sensors
level sensors
pressure sensors
composition analyzers
Transmitter

2. The Control Relevant Aspects of Sensors
The time constant/deadtime of the sensor
The repeatability of the sensor

3. Sensor Terminology Span Zero Accuracy Repeatability
Process measurement dynamics
Calibration

4. Span and Zero Example
Consider a case in which the maximum temperature that is to be measured is 350ºF and the minimum temperature is 100ºF.
Then the zero is 100ºF and the span is 250ºF
In addition, if the measured temperature is known at two different sensor output levels (i.e., ma’s), the span and zero can be calculated directly.

5. Smart Sensors
Sensors with onboard microprocesssors that offer a number of diagnostic capabilities.
Smart pH sensors determine when it is necessary to trigger a wash cycle due to buildup on the electrode surface.
Smart flow meters use statistical techniques to check for plugging of the lines to the DP cell.
Smart temperature sensors use redundant sensors to identify drift and estimate expected life before failure.

6. Temperature Sensing Systems
RTDs and thermistors are an order of magnitude more precise but are less rugged and cost more than thermocouples (TC’s).
Typical dynamic response time constant is 6-20 seconds for RTDs, thermistors and TC’s.
Additional thermal resistance on inside or on the outside of the thermal well can result in an excessively slow responding temperature measurement.

7. Pressure Measurements
Usually based on mechanical balance bars
Very fast measurement dynamics
Repeatability less than ±0.1%

8. Flow Measurements
Orifice plate/DP cell most common approach. Good repeatability and fast dynamic response.
Magnetic flow meters and vortex shedding flow meters are also used in certain situations. They are more expensive but more reliable and require less maintenance.
A straight run of pipe required for good accuracy for all flow meters.

9. Orifice Plate/DP Cell Flow Indicator in a Flow Control Loop

10. Paddle Type Orifice Plate

11. Sizing an Orifice for a Differential Pressure Flow Indicator
b is the ratio of the orifice diameter to the pipe diameter.
0.2 < b < 0.7
Pressure drop at minimum flow should be greater than 0.5 psi.
Pressure drop across the orifice should be less than 4% of the line pressure.
Choose the maximum value of b that satisfies each of the above specifications.

12. Vortex Shedding Meters
A blunt object is placed in the flow path and the frequency of turbulent oscillations correlates with the flow rate.
Useful for clean low viscosity liquids and gases.
Ensure that cavitation does not occur in the measuring zone.

13. Example of a Vortex Shedding Meter

14. Magnetic Flow Meters
Based on measuring the current generated by the flow a conducting fluid through a magnetic field.
Have low pressure drop associated with them.
Are applied to conductive fluid (tap water is conductive enough)
Deposition on the electrodes is a limitation.
See picture in text.

15. Example of a Magnetic Flow Meter

16. Bottom Line on Flow Meters
Magnetic flow meters and vortex shedding flow meters require less maintenance and are generally more reliable than orifice plate flow meters BUT they are much more expensive.

17. Level Sensors
Usually based on the hydrostatic head in a vessel measured by the differential pressure.
Has a repeatability of about ±1% with a time constant less than 1 second.
Level measurements based upon a float or x-rays are also used in special situations.

18. Typical Differential Pressure Level Measurement

19. Analyzer Sensor Systems
GC- most common composition analyzer. Based on plug flow of a volatile sample through a packed bed-behaves as deadtime. Deadtime and repeatability depend on the particular components being measured.
Radiation absorption- infrared, ultraviolet, and visible. Can be effective for certain components.
Sample system can affect dynamics and reliability of composition measurement.

20. Bio-Sensors

21. Common Bio-Sensors Flow measurements: Coriolis meters and rotameters.
Off-gas analyzers: mass spectrometers (one mass spec can provide online measurements for up to 32 bio-reactors), O2 electrode for O2 concentration and infrared spectrometer for CO2 concentration.
Fermentation product analysis: HPLC and FIA

22. Common Bio-Sensors Ion-specific electrodes pH sensor DO sensor
Redox sensors

23. Schematic of an Ion-Specific Electrode

24. Table 2.3
Lists the control-relevant aspects of actuators and sensors in the CPI and bio-tech industries:
Time constant
Valve deadband or repeatability
Turndown ratio, rangeability, or range

25. Overall Course Objectives
Develop the skills necessary to function as an industrial process control engineer.
Skills
Tuning loops
Control loop design
Control loop troubleshooting
Command of the terminology
Fundamental understanding
Process dynamics
Feedback control