1. Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer And ways to prevent it! Lindsey Saunders Auburn University NURS 7446 December 3, 2014

2. Background  Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world.  About 79 million Americans are currently infected with HPV and there are 14 million new cases every year.  There are over 100 different types of HPV.  In most cases it goes away on its own and does not cause health problems, while other cases can cause genital warts and cancers.  HPV types 6,11,16, and 18 are responsible for 70% of cervical cancers, 70% of vaginal cancers, 50% of vulvar cancers and 90% of genital warts.

3. Significance  All sexually active women are at risk of HPV and cervical cancer regardless of race and economic status and most women will become infected throughout their lifetime.  Over 99% of cervical cancers are caused by HPV.  More than 10,000 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer each year.

4. Role of the Nurse Practitioner  Education  What HPV is  How to prevent it  Decrease social stigma  Prevention  Vaccination  Screening  Protection  Recommendation  NPs must recommend vaccination to all qualifying patients.

5. Nursing Theory  The purpose of education is to cause a positive change.  Kurt Lewin’s Change Theory is based on the change process in the human system.  His theory has three stages:  Unfreezing  Movement  Refreezing

6. Project Development  A pamphlet was formed discussing HPV, cervical cancer and ways to prevent them.  It contains information about  Transmission  Different types of HPV  Signs and symptoms  How it causes cancer  Prevention methods  Vaccinations  What they protect against  How they work  Recommended age ranges  Administration details  Pap smears  Protection

7. Project Implementation  Where:  Alabama State Health Department in Tallapoosa County.  Who:  10 women ages 19-26  6 African American, 4 Caucasian  2 women had previously received the vaccination in its entirety  1 woman had received only 1 injection of the vaccine previously  7 women were unvaccinated  6 out of 10 women had heard of the vaccine  5 out of 10 stated that their health care provider had recommended they receive it.

8. Evaluation  All 10 women were able to describe HPV, how it is transmitted, how it causes cervical cancer, and the ways to prevent it.  Of the 7 women who had never received the vaccine, 3 of them decided to get vaccinated the same day. The woman who had only received 1 of the 3 vaccines decided to receive the entire vaccination series.

9. Future Considerations  Cost of Vaccinations  Side Effects/ Adverse Effects of Vaccine  Contraindications of vaccine.

10. Conclusion  The majority of HPV and cervical cancers can be prevented, making patient education imperative.  Providing patients with the education and tools they need to battle this infection can lead to more informed decision making.

11. Questions?

12. References  Akyuz, A., Yilmaz, C., Yenen, M.C., Yavan, T., & Kilic, A. (2011). Women’s awareness of the human papillomavirus and related health problems. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(12), 2703-2712. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05693.x  Batras, D., Duff, C., & Smith, B.J. (2014). Organizational change theory: implications for health promotion practice. Health Promotion International 29(4). doi: 10.1093/heapro/dau098  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2013). Human papillomavirus (HPV). Retrieved http://www.cdc.gov/hpv/in dex.html  Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.(2014). HPV vaccination. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ vaccines/vpd-vac/hpv/default.htm  Markowitz, L.E., Hariri, S., Lin, C., Dunne, E.F., Steinau, M., McQuillan, G., & Unger, E.R. (2013). Reduction in human papillomavirus prevalence among young women following hpv vaccine introduction in united states national health and nutrition examination surveys, 2003-2010. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 192. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit192  National Cancer Institute. (2013). HPV and cancer. Retrieved http://www.cancer.gov /cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/HPV  Yitalo, K.R., Lee, H., & Mehta, N.K. (2013). Healthcare provider recommendation, human papillomavirus vaccination, and race/ethnicity in the U.S. national immunization survey. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 164-169.