1. Divine attributes Michael Lacewing enquiries@alevelphilosophy.co.uk

2. The concept of God God as ‘maximally great’: nothing can be greater than God –Augustine: to think of God is to ‘attempt to conceive something than which nothing more excellent or sublime exists’. Perfection: –What is perfect as more real than what is not –Perfection as self-sufficiency –Ultimate reality as not dependent on anything else.

3. God as personal Intellect –Rationality –Knowledge Will –Morality –Power God as a mind with perfect knowledge (omniscience), perfect power (omnipotence) and perfect goodness.

4. God as perfect mind As perfect, God can’t change –Can’t become more perfect –Can’t become less perfect without ceasing to be God. God as mind –Anything made of matter changes over time –Anything made of matter has parts –Whatever has parts depends on them for its existence –If God were made of matter, God would change and depend on his parts –Being perfect, God can’t change and God doesn’t depend on anything for his existence –Therefore, God can’t be made of matter.

5. Omniscience Omni-: ‘all’; scient: ‘knowing’ Is it possible to know everything? –E.g. if we have free will, perhaps it is impossible to know what we will freely choose in the future. God is the most perfect possible being. So omniscience is ‘knowing all the truths that it is possible to know’. What form does ‘perfect’ knowledge take? –Does God know via language or propositions or inference? Or only ‘directly’?

6. Omnipotence Omni-: all; potent: powerful But is omnipotence the power to do everything? What about the logically impossible? –Could God make 2 + 2 = 5?

7. Omnipotence Aquinas: no. What is impossible is a contradiction in terms –The words that you use to describe the impossible literally contradict each other –So any description of a logically impossible state of affairs or power is not meaningful –So what is logically impossible is not anything at all. This is no limitation on God’s power – there is still nothing that God can’t do.

8. Supreme goodness If good = perfect, then God is simply perfectly perfect –There are lots of ways of being perfect –This is a metaphysical sense of ‘goodness’. If good = morally good, then ‘God is good’ means God’s will is always in accordance with moral values. Connection: what is morally good is more perfect than what is not –Evil as a ‘lack’ or ‘absence’ of goodness.

9. Eternal and everlasting God is self-sufficient. Therefore, God is dependent on nothing else for existence. Therefore, nothing can end God’s existence. And nothing could bring God into existence. So, if God exists, God’s existence has no beginning or end. Without beginning or end –In time = everlasting –Outside time/timeless = eternal.

10. Transcendence and immanence Transcendence: God is more than or outside the universe –E.g. God as self-sufficient –God as creator of the universe –God as eternal, transcending time and space. Immanence: God as closely connected to or within the universe –E.g. God as omnipresent – present everywhere –God’s knowledge as from ‘within’ –God as everlasting through time. Transcendence without immanence: God is remote. Immanence without transcendence: pantheism.