1. By Igor K. Liam N. Alex T.

2.  To investigate whether one 10W light bulb shines better than two 5W bulbs.  Explore how a small change in voltage will affect light emission and a light bulb’s lifetime.

3.  1 st part: The difference would be so tiny it won’t be noticeable to a human eye, but it would be present.  2 nd part: If the voltage is higher, then the life of the light bulb would decrease.

4.  10W light bulb (3x)  5W light bulb (6x)  Ammeter  Voltmeter  Photometer (lightmeter)  Alligator clips  Power supply (+26V)  Timer  Camera  Box that can isolate the external light

5. 1. Get all the equipment ready. 2. Make the following circuit: 3. Place the photometer 5cm away from the light bulb. 4. Turn the power supply on at 6V. 5. Write down the brightness.

6. 6. Switch the power supply to 8V and measure the brightness. 7. Switch the power supply to 10V and measure the brightness. 8. Write down all results from part 4-7 in a suitable table. 9. Now, make another circuit, which diagram looks like the following:

7. 10. Place the photometer next to light bulbs so that it is 5cm away from each. 11. Do steps 4-8 with a newly made circuit.

8. 7. Wait for the light bulb to blow. 8. Record the time taken on a suitable table. 9. Replace the light bulb and turn the power supply to 20V. 10. Wait for the light bulb to blow and write down the suitable results

9. 1. Get all the equipment ready. 2. Make the following circuit: 3. Place the photometer 5cm away from the light bulb (optional). 4. Make sure the camera is ready. 5. Turn the power supply to 12V 6. Record its brightness periodically.

10. WattageVoltage (V)Brightness (lx) 10W670 10W81,046 10W104,329 10W1210,913 5W+5WParallel648 5W+5WParallel898 5W+5WParallel10150 5W+5WParallel121,323

11. Voltage (V)Time (min)Brightness (lx) 20014,273 201:008,866 202:008,076 203:007,867 204:007,212 205:006,420 206:004,417 207:001,195 208:001,079 208:41922 21 -> 24 -> 258:42 2015:36 1815+ 12120,000:00 (2,000 hours)

12.  According to results, the 10W light bulb did shine brighter than two 5W (in parallel) ones at different voltages. The hypothesis was supported.

13.  This means is that more light would be ‘focused’ at one point with the 10W bulb, and only at a particular point with two 5W bulbs, just as this diagram shows:

14.  As a real life example, we can imagine a room lit with a single central lamp of 120W, and then imagine the same room lit by two 60W bulbs separated by a few meters. The illumination of the room will be more even with the 60W bulbs but the single 120W bulb will include an area of higher brightness than exists in the room when it is lit by the 60W bulbs.

15.  The original lifespan of a 5W light bulb at 12V was originally 120,000 minutes (2,000 hours). A small increase in supplied voltage to 20V has resulted the lifetime to reduce to 15:36 minutes (7,692 times shorter). An increase to 24V has resulted the lifetime to go down to 8:42 minutes (14,252 times shorter)

16.  From these few data points, it is clear that the higher the supplied voltage is, the shorter time light bulb will live for.

17.  Why does the light bulb blow? The incandescent light bulb contains a thin coil of tungsten called a filament. When electric current flows through it, it produces heat. When any metal becomes this hot it combines with the oxygen in the atmosphere and burns up.

18. There have been a lot of factors that affected the results of this experiment. Some of them were kept constant whilst it was impossible for others to do so. For example:  Exact distance between a light bulbs at different stages of the experiment.  Positioning two 5W light bulbs so that they are working ‘on the same level’.  Original temperature of the bulb and how used it is in the 1 st place.

19.  Placing the photometer on an exact angle for different parts of the experiment.  Readings off the timer/photometer Next time, to make sure these things do not happen, each of the parts will be repeated for more than 3 times to get more accurate results. Some new appropriate technology might be used to ensure everything is kept constant.