1. Dr. Meg-angela Christi Amores
Cardiac Physiology
Dr. Meg-angela Christi Amores

2. The Heart separate pumps:
a right heart that pumps blood through the lungs,
a left heart that pumps blood through the peripheral organs
atrium and ventricle

3. The Heart Cardiac muscle 3 types of cardiac muscles: atrial muscle
Striated
Myofibrils with actin and myosin
3 types of cardiac muscles:
atrial muscle
ventricular muscle
specialized excitatory and conductive muscle fibers

4. The Cardiac Muscle Syncytium
cardiac muscle fibers are made up of many individual cells connected in series and in parallel with one another via intercalated discs
form permeable "communicating" junctions
action potentials travel easily from one cardiac muscle cell to the next

5. The cardiac muscle two syncytiums:
the atrial syncytium that constitutes the walls of the two atria
the ventricular syncytium that constitutes the walls of the two ventricles
they are conducted only by way of a specialized conductive system called the A-V bundle

6. The cardiac Muscle
Action Potential

7. Action Potential

11. Action potential Caused by opening of two types of channels:
fast sodium channels
tremendous numbers of sodium ions to enter the skeletal muscle
open for only a few thousandths of a second and then abruptly close
slow calcium channels
large quantity of both calcium and sodium ions flows through these channels to the interior of the cardiac muscle fiber, and this maintains a prolonged period of depolarization
Causes PLATEAU of action potential
are slower to open and remain open for several tenths of a second

12. Cardiac muscle Action Potential
after the onset of the action potential, the permeability of the cardiac muscle membrane for potassium ions decreases about fivefold
greatly decreases the outflux of positively charged potassium ions during the action potential plateau
thereby prevents early return of the action potential voltage to its resting level

13. Refractory period
is the interval of time during which a normal cardiac impulse cannot re-excite an already excited area of cardiac muscle
0.25 to 0.30 second
relative refractory period of about 0.05 second during which the muscle is more difficult than normal to excite but nevertheless can be excited by a very strong excitatory signal

14. excitation-contraction coupling
the mechanism by which the action potential causes the myofibrils of muscle to contract
when an action potential passes over the cardiac muscle membrane, the action potential spreads to the interior of the cardiac muscle fiber along the membranes of the transverse (T) tubules

15. excitation-contraction coupling
T tubule action potentials in turn act on the membranes of the longitudinal sarcoplasmic tubules
release of calcium ions into the muscle sarcoplasm

16. excitation-contraction coupling
calcium ions diffuse into the myofibrils and catalyze the chemical reactions that promote sliding of the actin and myosin filaments along one another
Producing muscle contraction

17. excitation-contraction coupling
a large quantity of extra calcium ions also diffuses into the sarcoplasm from the T tubules themselves at the time of the action potential

18. Cardiac Cycle
cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next
Diastole
during which the heart fills with blood
Systole
period of contraction

20. Diastole

21. Systole

23. The atria
Primer pumps
80 per cent of the blood flows directly through the atria into the ventricles even before the atria contract
atrial contraction usually causes an additional 20 per cent filling of the ventricles
increase the ventricular pumping effectiveness

24. The ventricles Filling of ventricles Emptying of ventricles
After systole, AV opens via pressure build up in atria
Emptying of ventricles
Period of Isovolumic (Isometric) Contraction
Period of Ejection
Period of Isovolumic (Isometric) Relaxation

25. Factors for cardiac contractility
Chemical energy
Derived mainly from oxidative metabolism of fatty acids and, to a lesser extent, of other nutrients, especially lactate and glucose

26. Regulation of Heart pumping
heart pumps only 4 to 6 liters of blood each minute at rest
severe exercise, the heart may be required to pump four to seven times
(1) intrinsic cardiac regulation of pumping in response to changes in volume of blood flowing into the heart
(2) control of heart rate and strength of heart pumping by the autonomic nervous system

27. Regulation of Heart pump
Intrinsic regulation
the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart
intrinsic ability of the heart to adapt to increasing volumes of inflowing blood
the greater the heart muscle is stretched during filling, the greater is the force of contraction and the greater the quantity of blood pumped into the aorta

28. Regulation of Heart pump
2. Control of the Heart by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nerves
amount of blood pumped each minute (cardiac output) often can be increased more than 100 per cent by sympathetic stimulation
the output can be decreased to as low as zero or almost zero by vagal (parasympathetic) stimulation

29. Other factors Potassium and Calcium Ions
Excess potassium in the extracellular fluids causes the heart to become dilated and flaccid and also slows the heart rate
Excess of calcium causes the heart to go toward spastic contraction

30. Other Factors Temperature
heat increases the permeability of the cardiac muscle membrane to ions
Increased body temperature, as occurs when one has fever, causes a greatly increased heart rate

31. Heart Sounds lub, dub, lub, dub
The "lub" is associated with closure of the atrioventricular (A-V) valves at the beginning of systole(s1)
"dub" is associated with closure of the semilunar (aortic and pulmonary) valves at the end of systole (s2)

32. vibration of the taut valves immediately after closure
with vibration of the adjacent walls of the heart and major vessels around the heart

33. Shorter 2nd heart sound: semilunar valves are more taut than the A-V valves, so that they vibrate for a shorter time than do the A-V valves

34. Is there a 3rd and 4th heart sound?

35. Atrial Heart Sound (Fourth Heart Sound)
Third Heart Sound
at the beginning of the middle third of diastole
initiated by inrushing blood from the atria
Atrial Heart Sound (Fourth Heart Sound)
occurs when the atria contract, and presumably, it is caused by the inrush of blood into the ventricles

36. Chest areas for auscultation

37. Heart Murmurs Abnormal heart sounds Due to abnormalities of valves
Systolic murmurs
Occur during systole
Aortic Stenosis, Mitral Regurgitation
Diastolic murmurs
Occur in diastole
Aortic Regurgitation, Mitral Stenosis