2. NUCLEAR ENERGY CHAPTER 12

3. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SALEM, NEW JERSEY

4. Overview of Chapter 12 Introduction to Nuclear Power Introduction to Nuclear Power – Atoms and radioactivity Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission Pros and Cons of Nuclear Energy Pros and Cons of Nuclear Energy – Cost of Nuclear Power Safety Issues at Power Plants Safety Issues at Power Plants – Three Mile Island & Chornobyl – Nuclear Weapons Radioactive Waste Radioactive Waste Future of Nuclear Power Future of Nuclear Power NUCLEAR ENERGY

5. Introduction to nuclear energy It is the energy released by nuclear fission or fusion. Fission: the splitting of atomic nucleus into two smaller fragments, accompanied by the release of large amounts of energy. Fusion: the joining of two lightweight atomic nuclei into a single heavier nucleus, accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy.

6. Atoms and Radioactivity Nucleus Nucleus – Comprised of protons (+) and neutrons (neutral) Electrons (-) orbit around nucleus Electrons (-) orbit around nucleus Neutral atoms Neutral atoms – Same # of protons and electrons

7. Atoms and Radioactivity Atomic mass Atomic mass – Sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom Atomic number Atomic number – Number of protons per atom – Each element has its own atomic number Isotope Isotope – Usually an atom has an equal number of neutrons and protons – If the number of neutrons is greater than the number of protons = isotope

8. Radioactive decay The emission of energetic particles or rays from unstable atomic nuclei; includes positively charged alpha particles, negatively charged beta particles, and high-energy, electromagnetic gamma rays. Forms of a single element that differ in atomic mass are known as isotopes. The unstable isotopes are called radioisotopes.

9. Contd.. Radioisotopes are radioactive because they spontaneously emit radiation, a form of energy consisting of particles. As a radioactive element emits radiation, its nucleus changes into the nucleus of a different, more stable element. This process is called radioactive decay. For example, the radioactive nucleus of one isotope of uranium, U-235, decays over time into lead (Pb-207). The time taken required for one half of the total amount of a radioactive substance to change into a different material is called its radioactive half-life. Each isotope decays based on its own half-life years, days, hours, minutes Each isotope decays based on its own half-life years, days, hours, minutes

10. Radioactive Isotope Half-lives

11. Uranium Ore Non renewable resource found in limited amounts in sedimentary rocks in Earth’s crust. The processes involved in producing the fuels used in nuclear reactors and in disposing of radioactive (nuclear) wastes is known as nuclear fuel cycle. In the United States uranium is found in Wyoming, Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah.

12. Uranium CANADA Australia South Africa

13. Nuclear Fuel cycle Deep geologic disposal of spent fuel is currently under study in several countries including the United States.

14. Nuclear Fuel Cycle Nuclear Fuel Cycle – processes involved in producing the fuel used in nuclear reactors and in disposing of radioactive (nuclear) wastes * Enriched Uranium

15. Enrichment The process by which uranium ore is refined after mining to increase the concentration of fissionable U-235 is called enrichment. After enrichment, the uranium ore is processed into small pellets of uranium dioxide, each pellet contains the energy equivalent of a ton of coal. Nuclear Reactor: A device that initiates and maintains a controlled nuclear fission chain reaction to produce energy for electricity

16. Which country generates the highest % of its electricity from nuclear power plants? France 79% Lithuania 70% Slovakia 56% Belgium 56% Ukraine 49% Sweden 47% S Korea, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Finland, Hungary all above 33% Nuclear Power: Second largest source of USA electricity, what % does it supply? 20% of USA Electricity

17. Nuclear Fission The fission of U-235 releases an enormous amount of heat, used to transform water into steam, the steam is used to generate electricity. Production of electricity is possible because the fission reaction is controlled. Nuclear bombs make use of uncontrolled fission reactions.

18. If the control mechanism in a nuclear power plant were to fail, will a bomb like explosion take place? It will not take place because nuclear fuel only has 3-5% U-235, whereas bomb grade material contains at least 20% and is usually about 85 to 90% U-235. In the highly unlikely event of an uncontrolled fission reaction, an immense amount of heat could be generated. However, the reactor vessel and massive concrete containment building are designed to contain the heat along with the attendant radioactivity.

19. NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS Pellets placed inside 12’ Fuel Rods The fuel rods are then grouped into square fuel assemblies. (200) Can be 50,000+ fuel rods per Nuclear Rector

20. Fuel Rods Replaced every 3 years 103 Nuclear Power Plants 103 x 50000 rods 5, 000,000 spent fuel rods produced every 3 years.

21. How Electricity is Produced REACTOR CORE STEAM GENERATOR TURBINE CONDENSOR PARTSPARTS ENERGY vid

22. How electricity is produced from conventional Nuclear Fission Four main parts of a typical nuclear power plant The reactor core (fission occurs here) The steam generator(heat produced by fission is used to produce steam from liquid water in the steam generator) The turbine (uses the steam to generate electricity The condenser – cools the steam and converts it back to liquid.

23. Role of control rods in the nuclear reactor The reactor core contains the fuel assemblies. Above each assembly is a control rod, made of a special metal alloy that absorbs neutrons. The plant operator signals the control rod to move up or down into the fuel assembly. If the control rod is out of the fuel assembly, free neutrons collide with uranium atoms in the fuel rods, and fission takes place. If the control rod is completely lowered into the fuel assembly, it absorbs the free neutrons, and fission of uranium no longer occurs. The reactor core contains the fuel assemblies. Above each assembly is a control rod, made of a special metal alloy that absorbs neutrons. The plant operator signals the control rod to move up or down into the fuel assembly. If the control rod is out of the fuel assembly, free neutrons collide with uranium atoms in the fuel rods, and fission takes place. If the control rod is completely lowered into the fuel assembly, it absorbs the free neutrons, and fission of uranium no longer occurs. Refer to page numbers 263 and 264 to know more about water circuit in the nuclear reactor.

24. How Electricity is Produced REACTOR CORE STEAM GENERATOR TURBINE CONDENSOR PARTSPARTS ENERGY vid

25. kWh A 100 watt light bulb left on continuously for an entire year consumes 876 kWh. To produce 876 kWh requires lbs. of COAL 876 lbs. of natural gas 377 lbs. of oil 508 lbs. of enriched Uranium 0.0007

26. Breeder Nuclear Fission A type of nuclear fission in which non- fissionable U-238 is converted into fissionable Pu-239 A type of nuclear fission in which non- fissionable U-238 is converted into fissionable Pu-239 Because it can use U-238, plutonium based breeder fission can generate much larger quantities of energy from uranium ore than nuclear fission using U-235 Risk involved Refer page 264,265

27. Mixed oxide fuel (MOX) and Spent fuel MOX: a reactor fuel that contains a combination of uranium oxide and plutonium oxide. The plutonium can come from reprocessed spent fuel or from other plutonium stockpiles, including dismantled weapons. Spent fuels: the used fuel elements that were irradiated in a nuclear reactor.

28. Pros and Cons of Nuclear Energy Pros Pros – Less of an immediate environmental impact compared to fossil fuels

29. Pros and Cons of Nuclear Energy Pros (continued) Pros (continued) – Carbon-free source of electricity- no greenhouse gases emitted – May be able to generate H-fuel Cons Cons – Generates radioactive waste(spent fuel, radioactive coolant fluids and other gases in the reactor which are radioactive) – Many steps require fossil fuels (mining and disposal) – Expensive

30. Cost of Electricity from Nuclear Energy Cost is very high………. Cost is very high………. 20% of US electricity is from Nuclear Energy 20% of US electricity is from Nuclear Energy – Affordable due to government subsidies Expensive to build nuclear power plants Expensive to build nuclear power plants – Long cost-recovery time Fixing technical and safety issues in existing plants is expensive Fixing technical and safety issues in existing plants is expensive

31. Safety Issues in Nuclear Power Plants At high temperatures the metal encasing the uranium fuel melts, releasing radiation; this is known as a meltdown. The water used in a nuclear reactor to transfer heat can boil away during an accident, contaminating the atmosphere with radioactivity. Probability of meltdown or other accident is low Public perception is that nuclear power is not safe Sites of major accidents: Three Mile Island Chernobyl (Ukraine)

32. NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SAFETY Three mile island Three mile island Chernobyl Chernobyl

33. Three-Mile Island 1979- most serious reactor accident in US 1979- most serious reactor accident in US 50% meltdown of reactor core 50% meltdown of reactor core – Containment building kept radiation from escaping – No substantial environmental damage – No human casualties Elevated public apprehension of nuclear energy Elevated public apprehension of nuclear energy – Led to cancellation of many new plants in US http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=- 251372048648239449

34. Chernobyl 1986- worst accident in history 1986- worst accident in history 1 or 2 explosions destroyed the nuclear reactor 1 or 2 explosions destroyed the nuclear reactor – Large amounts of radiation escaped into atmosphere Spread across large portions of Europe Spread across large portions of Europe

35. Chernobyl Radiation spread was unpredictable Radiation spread was unpredictable Radiation fallout was dumped unevenly Radiation fallout was dumped unevenly Death toll is 10,000-100,000 Death toll is 10,000-100,000 Video clip http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSRC1_OZPIghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSRC1_OZPIg Chernobyl disaster.

36. Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Weapons 31 countries use nuclear energy to create electricity 31 countries use nuclear energy to create electricity These countries have access to spent fuel needed to make nuclear weapons These countries have access to spent fuel needed to make nuclear weapons Safe storage and handling of these weapons is a concern Safe storage and handling of these weapons is a concern The bomb of about 50 megatons was code named Ivan by its developers. This bomb is tested in Novaya Zemlya an island in the Arctic Sea on October 30, 1961 IVAN

37. Radioactive Waste Low-level radioactive waste- Low-level radioactive waste- – Radioactive solids, liquids, or gasses that give off small amounts of ionizing radiation High-level radioactive waste- High-level radioactive waste- – Radioactive solids, liquids, or gasses that give off large amounts of ionizing radiation

38. Nuclear waste/Radioactive waste 1982 Nuclear Waste Safety Act Find a site to store waste and make operational by 1998. The Low Level Radioactive Waste Policy Act, passed in 1980, specified that all states are responsible for the waste they generate, and it encouraged states to develop facilities to handle low-level wastes by 1996. Read public and expert attitude towrd nuclear energy Page number 274

39. Case-In-Point Yucca Mountain In 1987 Congress identified Yucca Mountain in Nevada. In 1987 Congress identified Yucca Mountain in Nevada. 70,000 tons of high-level radioactive waste 70,000 tons of high-level radioactive waste Tectonic issues have been identified Tectonic issues have been identified

40. WHY YUCCA MOUNTAIN

41. Radioactive Waste Temporary storage solutions Temporary storage solutions – In nuclear plant facility (require high security) Under water storage Under water storage Above ground concrete and steel casks Above ground concrete and steel casks Need approved permanent options soon. Need approved permanent options soon.

42. Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plants Three options exist when a nuclear power plant is closed: a) storage, b) entombment, and c) decomissioning. If an old plant is put into storage, the utility company guards it for 50 to 100 years, while some of the radioactive materials decay. Permanently encasing the entire power plant in concrete, a viable option, a the tomb would have to remain intact for at least 1000 years. To dismantle an old nuclear power plant after it closes is called decommission.

43. MEDICINE largest man-made source of radiation is medical diagnosis and treatment (includes X-rays, nuclear medicine and cancer treatment) More than 28,000 American doctors use radiation virtually every U.S. hospital has some form of nuclear medicine unit 10 million nuclear medicine patient procedures each year One radioactive isotope, molybdenum-99, is used about 40,000 times each day, to diagnose cancer and illnesses

44. Food Processing and Preservation Irradiation kills bacteria, parasites and insects in food—including listeria, salmonella and potentially deadly E. coli—and retards non-microbial spoilage of certain foods, increasing their shelf life. The World Health Organization in 1992 called food irradiation a "perfectly sound food- preservation technology." The head of the group's food safety unit said irradiation is "badly needed in a world where food- borne diseases are on the increase and where between one-quarter and one-third of the global food supply is lost post-harvest." The United States is among more than 35 countries that permit irradiation of certain foods. Since the 1960s, NASA has included irradiated food on its space flights. In 1963, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the irradiation of wheat, flour and potatoes; in 1983, spices and seasonings; in 1985, pork; in 1986, fruits and vegetables; in 1990, poultry; and in 1997, red meat.

45. Industrial Applications

46. Most Common Human Exposure to Radiation?? Terrestrial Radiation Carbon -14 Thorium-223 Uranium-238 Polonium-218 Radon-222 Cosmic Radiation High energy photons Higher the altitude the Higher the exposure Other Exposures: bricks, stones, cement,(all sources of radon and uranium ores) then there is tobacco….

47. Fusion Fuel= isotopes of hydrogen Fuel= isotopes of hydrogen

48. Fusion Way of the future?? Way of the future?? – Produces no high-level waste – Fuel is hydrogen (plenty of it!) Problems Problems – It takes very high temperatures (millions of degrees) to make atoms fuse – Confining the plasma after it is formed. At extremely high temperatures, a gas separates into negative electrons and positive nuclei. This superheated, ionized gas, called plasma. Scientists have yet to be able to create energy from fusion Scientists have yet to be able to create energy from fusion