1. Automated Machining Manufacturing Processes

2. Outline Machining Centers Equipment Tool Changers Centering and Clamping Selection of Equipment Selection of Tooling Machine Performance Monitoring Manufacturing Cells Manufacturing Economics

3. Machining Centers Machining Center A computer-controlled machine tool capable of many types of cutting operations on multiple surfaces and directions on a workpiece

4. Manufacturing Centers φ φ θ X Y Z 3-Axis Operation 4-Axis Operation 5-Axis Operation

5. Components of a Machining Center

6. Example of a Machining Center

8. Example of a 5-axis CNC machine (the tool pivots instead of the workpiece)

9. Example of a Vertical Machining Center

10. Example of a Horizontal Machining Center

11. Examples of Manufactured Parts

12. Automated Robotic Loading

14. Equipment Pallets The workpiece is placed on a pallet (module) which can be oriented in different directions by the machine Automatic Pallet Changers When the workpiece is finished, automatic pallet changers remove it and replace it with another workpiece

15. Pallets Example of a part mounted on a pallet Courtesy Toth Industries

16. Pallet Changers

17. Equipment Automatic Tool Changer Can switch between up to 200 tools stored in a magazine, drum, or chain Tool Exchange Arm Picks up particular tools with attached toolholders

18. Tool Changer Types Automatic (Sequential) Spindle Turns one increment in one direction for each tool change; tools must be placed in the spindle in the order they are used Indexable (Random Access) Spindle Turns either direction to make a specific tool accessible; tools can be placed in any order as long as the computer knows their positions

19. Tool Changer Types 4 1 2 3 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sequential Spindle Random Access Spindle

20. Tool Changer Spindle

21. Tool changer spindle capable of holding 60 tools Courtesy of Toth Industries

22. Tool Changer Arm

25. Tool Changer – Live Spindle

26. Types of Manufacturing Cutting From Bulk Material Starting with a readily available shape (rods, ingots etc.) and machining the part from this Cutting From Near Net Shape Starting with a pre-formed (often cast) piece with the general shape of the part and removing little material

27. Centering and Clamping Pre-cast designs should be made so that the machines can clamp and orient them quickly and accurately Parts to be lathed should have radially symmetrical outer surfaces and pre-cast holes to mark the center; they should also have a center of mass on the center line to prevent vibration

28. Orienting and Clamping Pre-cast parts should have at least three distinct features that the computer can recognize and use to orient the part holes notches

29. Centering and Clamping Pre-cast parts should have flat parallel surfaces for clamping or cylindrical surfaces for chucking Areas to be clamped or chucked can be ground flat after casting to improve grip

30. Selection of Equipment Various types of parts may require various machining centers Parts with numerous cylindrical surfaces (or other radially symmetrical surfaces) should be mounted on a machine center capable of turning Specialized machine centers are available for high-speed machining and for ultraprecision cutting

31. Selection of Equipment Example: Pump Cover Starting with the rough casting, drill and ream the center hole, then cut the internal notch with a milling cutter. Mount the piece on a mandrel and use turning operations to cut the faces and outer edge. Mill the external notch and drill and ream the smaller holes in the plate.

32. Selection of Tooling The proper selection of tools depends on the workpiece material, size and shape of holes, radii of the corners of milling pockets, and various other parameters The selection of tools affects the cost and time of the operation

33. Machine Performance Monitoring

34. Y’ Y X’ X Part Orientation Cutting Performance

35. Machine Performance Monitoring Tool/Part-Checking Station Measures workpieces and tools so that the computer can compensate for variations and tool wear Touch Probes Pressed against a workpiece or tool to measure its exact size and position

36. Touch Probes

37. Measurement and Adjustment Advanced machining software can use data from probes to adjust its coordinate system, ensuring that critical distances remain within tolerances even in deformed workpieces critical distances Holes to be drilled (initial) Holes to be drilled (adjusted)

38. Touch Probes probe tool holder part Using a touch probe to measure a part Courtesy Toth Industries

39. Touch Probes A machining center, being used to measure and determine the orientation of a part Courtesy of Toth Industries

40. Touch Probes A machining center, being used to measure and determine the orientation of a part Courtesy of Toth Industries tool changer armprobepart

41. Touch Probes To determine the orientation of the part, the machine measures the two large holes and calculates their centers. A line constructed between the centers serves as a base for the computer’s coordinate system. Courtesy of Toth Industries

42. Machine Performance Monitoring Tool Failure Detection: -Time When the total cutting time of the tool exceeds the pre- programmed tool life, the tool is replaced -Horsepower Dull tools draw more power; if the power exceeds pre- programmed limits, the tool is replaced

43. Machine Performance Monitoring Tool Failure Detection: -Acoustic Emissions Cutting tools produce ultrasonic vibrations and weakened ones produce up to five times the normal amplitude; when it rapidly increases, the tool is immediately replaced

44. Machine Performance Monitoring Tool Failure Detection: -Feed Force Records the feed force of sharp tools; if the force increase exceeds a predetermined percentage, the tool is replaced; if the force suddenly rises, the tool has broken and is replaced immediately

45. Manufacturing Cells

48. Manufacturing Cells – Examples Courtesy of Toth Industries

49. Manufacturing Economics Cost: If the cutting speed is too low, the cost of cutting increases because of increased power consumption If the cutting speed is too high, the cost of tool replacement increases because tools wear out faster

50. Manufacturing Economics Time: If the cutting speed is too low, the cutting time increases If the cutting speed is too high, the tool replacement time increases

51. Manufacturing Economics

52. Summary Machining Centers allow increased automation and efficiency, especially in large-scale production Monitoring, by an operator or the machine itself, is necessary to prevent damage to the parts produced Cutting speed can be varied to minimize the total cost or time of the operation

53. The End