1. Read-alouds that develop vocabulary and comprehension Keys to increasing explicitness Sharon Walpole University of Delaware

2. Explicitness Emphasis on explaining the cognitive procedures necessary to complete a task. Modeling Scaffolding Assessment

3. Read Alouds Can Build Knowledge Of the world Of language Of words Of text structure Of comprehension strategies

4. Conceptual Model: Gradual Release of Responsibility * Teacher + StudentsImmediateFeedbackSimpleContext ImmediateFeedback ComplexContext All Teacher Making Thinking PublicModeling Sharing Cognitive Secrets All Students All StudentsPlanningAuthenticContext AuthenticTask Assessmemt * Pearson, P.D., & Gallagher, M.C. (1983). The instruction of reading comprehension. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 8, 317-344.

5. Smolkin & Donovan, 2002 “[R]esearch has almost universally supported the idea that reading aloud to children leads to improved reading comprehension.” (p. 144)

6. These children are ready to acquire comprehension strategies, but they tend not to be proficient decoders. So, what’s a teacher to do?

7. The Domino Theory Teach children to decode first, and put off vocabulary and comprehension instruction until later.

8. Smolkin & Donovan, 2002. “If we want children to reason their ways through texts during a time when they cannot yet read, then the social context for comprehension acquisition must be a read-aloud of text.” (p. 144)

9. What kind of read-alouds shall we have?

10. Two Types of Read-Alouds 1. 1.Teacher Directed   Planned with carefully placed questions   IRE model employed 2. Fully Interactive Model   Planned questions may be modified   Teacher embeds commentary   Flexible scaffolding provided   Students collaboratively support one another

11. “The Five-to-Seven Shift” During this age range, children become able to think “multi- dimensionally,” a requirement of comprehension, and to reason with others in group settings. This argues for fully interactive read-alouds!

12. Interactive read-alouds tend to work best with information books. – Smolkin & Donovan, 2002

13. In a nonfiction interactive read-aloud, a teacher can...   Link a word to its context   Help children infer causal relationships   Tell about how texts are structured   Model the use of fix-up strategies Smolkin & Donovan, 2002

14. In a nonfiction interactive read-aloud, a teacher can...   Link a word to its context   Help children infer causal relationships   Tell about how texts are structured   Model the use of fix-up strategies Smolkin & Donovan, 2002

15. T:“In 1612, French explorers saw some Iroquois people popping corn in clay pots. They would fill the pots with hot sand, throw in some popcorn and stir it with a stick. When the corn popped, it came to the top of the sand and made it easy to get.” C:Look at the bowl! T:Okay, now it’s hot enough to add a few kernels. C:What’s a kernel? C:Like when you pop. T: It’s a seed. C: What if you, like, would you think … a popcorn seed. Like a popcorn seed. Could you grow popcorn? Smolkin & Donovan, 2002

16. T:Oh, excellent, excellent question! Let’s read and we’ll see if this book answers that question, and if not, we’ll talk about it at the end. Smolkin & Donovan, 2002

17. In a nonfiction interactive read-aloud, a teacher can...   Link a word to its context   Help children infer causal relationships   Tell about how texts are structured   Model the use of fix-up strategies Smolkin & Donovan, 2002

18. T:Alright, it hit the reef. Why did it hit the reef? Because it got... (no response from children). What did it say? It said there was C:A storm. T:Storm, right. C:They couldn’t see. T:Right, it did say that. Because they couldn’t see, and if they were out... C: Were the people surprised? C:The storm blew it into the rocks. T:Exactly.

19. In a nonfiction interactive read-aloud, a teacher can...   Link a word to its context   Help children infer causal relationships   Tell about how texts are structured   Model the use of fix-up strategies Smolkin & Donovan, 2002

20. T:“And 100-year-old popcorn kernels were found in Peru that could still be popped.” Now. This guy is doing different... It’s kind of like two stories are going on. What is this part giving us? Cs: (together) Information T:It is. And what is this doing? C:It is telling you. T:It’s giving us, right, steps of how to make the popcorn. C: And he has a big old speech bubble. T:Yes, because he’s reading about this, remember? And so his speech bubble is him reading this book about this (pointing to pictures of native peoples).

21. In a nonfiction interactive read-aloud, a teacher can...   Link a word to its context   Help children infer causal relationships   Tell about how texts are structured   Model the use of fix-up strategies Smolkin & Donovan, 2002

22. T:“Insects live on the tree, too. This big cicada just crawled out of its brown, shell-like skin. For several years... (teacher pauses. The next word in the text is ‘it’)” Let’s start back here. “Insects live on the tree, too. This big cicada just crawled out of its brown, shell-like skin.” C:(interrupting) We already read this. T:I know, but see, sometimes if you stop, it helps [to go back] It didn’t make sense just reading [further in the text]

23. To what extent are you seeing fully interactive read alouds? What barriers are you facing?

24. The Vocabulary Catch-22 Children need to learn more words to read well, but they need to read well to learn more words. McKenna, M.C. (2004). Teaching vocabulary to struggling older readers. Perspectives, 30(1), 13-16.

25. Why Wide Reading Is Enough Is Not Enough Vocabulary size and the amount a child reads are correlated. Direct instruction cannot possibly account for the number of word meanings children acquire. Context is generally unreliable as a means of inferring word meanings. Most words occur too infrequently to provide the number of exposures needed to learn them. Marzano, R.J. (2004). The developing vision of vocabulary instruction. In J.F. Baumann & E.J. Kame’enui (Eds.), Vocabulary instruction: Research to practice (pp. 100-117). New York: Guilford.

26. “There is no obvious reason why direct vocabulary instruction and wide reading cannot work in tandem.” – Marzano (2004, p. 112)

27. Perhaps one of the most important reasons why teachers need to pay attention to vocabulary is that vocabulary knowledge is cumulative. The more words you know, the easier it is to learn yet more words. – Stahl & Nagy (2005)

28. How do I know which words to teach?

29. Two characteristics that make a word inappropriate for teaching: 1. 1.We can’t define it in terms that the students know. 2. 2.The students are not likely to find the word useful or interesting. – Beck & McKeown (2004)

30. Beck and McKeown’s Three Tiers Tier 3 Rare words 73,500 word families K-12 Often content-area related Examples: isotope, estuary Tier 2 Important to academic success 7,000 word families Not limited to one content area Examples: fortunate, ridiculous Tier 1 The most familiar words 8,000 word families Known by average 3rd grader Examples: happy, go

31. Beck and McKeown’s Three Tiers Tier 3 Rare words 73,500 word families K-12 Often content-area related Examples: isotope, estuary Tier 2 Important to academic success 7,000 word families Not limited to one content area Examples: fortunate, ridiculous Tier 1 The most familiar words 8,000 word families Known by average 3rd grader Examples: happy, go

32. Beck and McKeown’s Three Tiers Tier 3 Rare words 73,500 word families K-12 Often content-area related Examples: isotope, estuary Tier 2 Important to academic success 7,000 word families Not limited to one content area Examples: fortunate, ridiculous Tier 1 The most familiar words 8,000 word families Known by average 3rd grader Examples: happy, go “Goldilocks” Words – Stahl & Stahl, 2004

33. Once I find them, how do I teach them?

34. After Reading... 1.Tell how the word was used in the context of the story 2.Give a student-friendly explanation of the word’s meaning 3.Have children say the word 4.Give two additional contexts in which the word could be used correctly 5.Give the children a frame sentence to generate their own context

35. What does this sound like? In the story, Bibot was a very fussy man. Fussy means you focus on details, even if it hurts someone’s feelings. Say the word with me. Someone might be fussy about the way her hair looks, and not like to play sports, or an adult might be fussy about eating, and not like to eat at someone else’s house. Tell me something you might be fussy about. Try to use the word fussy when you tell about it. You could start by saying something like “I am fussy about ________.”

36. And how can I integrate vocabulary and comprehension instruction?

37. www.guilford.com

38. Classroom Model: Direct Explanation Organize lessons to include introduction, modeling, interaction, and closure Before reading, provide Declarative Knowledge: What strategy is to be learned and used? Procedural Knowledge: How is that strategy actually employed? Conditional Knowledge: When and why should that strategy should be used?

39. What does this sound like? “Today we are going to learn to find the main idea in a science article. When you find the main idea, you do three things: you review the whole article, you think about what the author thought was most important, and you put that into a brief statement. Readers find the main idea after reading, and it helps them to understand and to remember.

40. Research on Direct Explanation Initial training included: –Presentations on DE –Lesson plan design by teachers –Observation and feedback Effects on students 1.They developed declarative, procedural, and conditional knowledge 2.The did not have better standardized comprehension scores

41. More DE Second study of DE included 1.Presentations on DE 2.Lesson plan design by teachers 3.Observation and feedback 4.One on one coaching 5.Collaborative discussions 6.Videotaped model lessons Effects on students 1.Students again learned about strategies 2.Students did use more of the basal skills 3.Students used and described reasoning during reading 4.Standardized test scores improved

42. Specifying procedural knowledge for teachers and children is a barrier to full implementation of direct explanation. The slides which follow provide the procedural knowledge that Duffy has shared in Explaining Reading.

43. Predicting 1.Look for clues in the text 2.Think about what you already know about the topic 3.On the basis of prior knowledge and the clues, predict what you think will happen

44. Monitoring, Questioning and Repredicting 1.Keep your original prediction in mind 2.Keep asking whether that prediction continues to make sense in light of new information from the text 3.Use new information in the text and prior knowledge about that information to make new predictions

45. Imaging 1.Identify words the author is using that are descriptive 2.Use prior knowledge about those words and about your senses to create an image in your mind

46. Inferring 1.Note the clues embedded in the text 2.Access your own experience regarding the clues 3.Make predictions about the implied meaning based on experience with the clues the author provides

47. Looks-Backs as Fix-It Strategies 1.Stop when the text stops making sense 2.Identify what is blocking meaning 3.Think about what strategy you know that could be used to fix the problem 4.Apply the strategy 5.Test to see if the problem is fixed

48. Main Idea Put yourself in the author’s place Examine words and phrases for clues to what is important Ask questions about what, in your experience, the clues combined seem to say about what is valued Decide what the main idea is by saying, “If I had written this and said things this way, what would that say about what I thought was important?”

49. Summarizing 1.Understand the concepts of beginning, middle and end 2.Know the parts of a story 3.Review the book to identify the information provided at the beginning, in the middle and at the end

50. Drawing Conclusions 1.Think about the topic being discussed and ask what the author wants readers to think 2.Use experience about clue words 3.Ask yourself, “Why would I say about what is being said here if I were the author?”

51. Evaluating 1.Read what the text says 2.Note if there are gaps or inconsistencies or flaws in the logic 3.Use prior knowledge to answer the questions, “What do I think about this? Do I agree? Do I have a different view?”

52. Synthesizing 1.Think about the content of each story 2.Decide how the stories are alike and different 3.Identify common elements 4.Use experience about the common elements to create a synthesis

53. To what extent are these skills and strategies consistent with the ones in your core program? How could you help your teachers to integrate strategy instruction by using the core strategy and language and applying it in a new text? How could you make that simpler for teachers?

54. Planning a Strategic Read- Aloud Choose well. –Consider students’ interests and needs. –Consider vocabulary: are there words that at least half your students don’t know? –Consider text structure: how does this text expand children’s text structure knowledge? –Consider the rest of your curriculum: are there ways to connect the theme of this text to other things children are learning?

55. Planning a Strategic Read- Aloud Analyze the material –Identify tier 2 words –Decide what background information to provide –Decide what strategy could be useful for understanding the text –Find places to stop and model –Consider whether a graphic organizer would be useful

56. Planning a Strategic Read- Aloud Make a plan for building prior knowledge –How can you relate content to students’ past experiences? (“Have you ever …?”) –Jot down information you want to provide before reading. –Plan a brief overview (“This story is about …”) Make a plan for introducing the strategy, with declarative, procedural, and conditional knowledge

57. Conducting a Strategic Read- Aloud Read the book interactively –Stop to model –Stop to ask questions –Stop to allow children to ask questions Show pictures after reading the text and interacting with it

58. Conducting a Strategic Read-Aloud Use the graphic organizer to help children generate a summary Review the strategy you’ve chosen Teach the Tier 2 words

59. So let’s try it... How can we plan fully interactive read alouds that include both comprehension strategy instruction and direct instruction in word meanings? How can we make a simple lesson plan frame to guide teachers in planning and to guide ourselves in observing and coaching?