1. Chapter 7 and 8
Test Days Dec. 11th and 12th

2. Chapter 7 LESSON 1
Test Days Dec. 11th and 12th

3. The making of a republic
After winning the Revolutionary War- the 13 Colonies are now States with their own State constitutions. In addition to forming state governments, the American people had to form a national government. The people agreed the new country should be a republic ( a government in which citizens ruled through elected representatives). They could not agree on what powers the new government should have.
Republicanism shaped the United States after the Revolutionary War because Americans wanted a government in which the authority came from the people.

4. The articles of confederation
The articles of confederation
November The Second Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation as the nations first constitution.
All states had to approve the Articles and any amendments- however not every state supported the Articles of Confederation.
Each state had one vote regardless of population- states with a larger population thought they should have more votes.
Articles of Confederation:
- Established a weak central government with the states keeping most of their power.
- Congress had the power to conduct foreign affairs, borrow money, and issue currency.
- Congress could not regulate trade or impose taxes.
- There was no chief executive.

5. Land Ordinances Ordinance of 1785
Set up a process to survey and sell the lands north of the Ohio River. This new law divided this large area into townships (6 miles long and 6 miles wide) which would further be divided into 36 sections of 640 acres. The government would sell each section at a government public auction- for at least a dollar an acre.
Richard Henry Lee was concerned that lawless people would move into Western lands and urged that “the rights of property be clearly defined” by the government. Congress drafted the Northwest Ordinance to protect the interest of hardworking settlers.
Northwest Ordinance 1787
Created a single Northwest Territory from lands north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River.
The Northwest Ordinance had a Bill of Rights for the settlers in the territory inclusive of freedom of religion and trial by jury.
These two ordinances attempted to make peaceful settlement in a peaceful orderly way.
Land Act of 1800
Law made it easier for people to buy land. A person was required to buy at least 320 acres of land at $2 per acre.

6. Economic Problems
In the 1780’s the Continental Congress faced a large debt due to the Revolutionary War expenses. Congress had borrowed money from American citizens and foreign governments. The government still owed the soldiers their pay for their military service. Since they did not have the power to tax to pay for the debt, raising money was difficult.
Britain’s loss in the Revolutionary War allowed free enterprise to grow in the U.S. because it could no longer impose mercantilist controls on the economy, so Americans were free to make their own economic choices.

7. Chapter 7 LESSON 2
Test Days Dec. 11th and 12th

8. When George Washington heard of this event he said, “mankind, when left to themselves, are unfit for their own government.”
Shay’s rebellion
Economic troubles fit the farmers hard- unable to sell their goods, they could not pay their taxes and debts. This led to officials to seize farmer’s lands and throw them in jail. Many farmers wanted the government to help- resentment boiled in Massachusetts. Daniel Shay led the farmers to the courts in their goal to stop judges from legally taking away farmers’ lands.
The revolt grew to 1,200 supporters by Shay and his supporters went to seize guns and ammunition from the federal arsenal (weapons storehouse). The militia fired a warning shot- however the farmers did not stop. The militia fired again, killing four farmers.
Shay and his followers fled and the uprising was over. Shay’s rebellion frightened Americans- concern grew that the government could not handle unrest and prevent violence.

9. Constitutional convention
George Washington was chosen to lead the meetings.
Constitutional convention
September 1786, Hamilton called for a convention (meeting) to discuss trade issues. He also suggested that they use the time to make changes to meet the needs of the Union. George Washington was at first reluctant- but upon hearing the news of Shay’s Rebellion he changed his mind. Having Washington (and Franklin) at the convention guaranteed public trust which was important because the convention did not just amend (change) the Articles of Confederation- they came up with an entirely new Constitution.
Members of the Constitutional Convention came from a wide range of occupations, from Judges to farmers. Nearly ½ were not college educated. Each of these groups were not represented at the Constitutional Convention because they were not considered part of the political process: Women, Native Americans, and African Americans.
The weaknesses of the central government lead to the Constitutional Convention due to the lack of power in the central government made it difficult to address the nation’s issues.

10. The experiences under British rule explains why Americans feared a strong national government. As a result to the war- instead of a king, the people would rule.
The plans
Virginia Plan
Edmund Randolph (with James Madison) proposed this plan at the Convention- it called for a strong National Government. It consisted of a government with three branches: two-house legislature, chief executive chosen by legislature, and a court system. Both houses would have representatives proportional to the states population.
Delegates from small states objected- they wanted a system in which all states had equal representation.
New Jersey Plan
William Paterson’s plan called for a single house with each state having one vote. It gave Congress the power to set taxes, regulate trade, and elect an executive branch made up of more than one person. It favored a more powerful government than the Articles of Confederation- but less powerful than what the Virginia Plan proposed.
Smaller States wanted to base the national government on the New Jersey Plan

11. The Three-Fifth’s Compromise
The compromises
On June 19th, the delegates decided to create a new constitution based on the Virginia Plan.
The Three-Fifth’s Compromise
Northern and Southern states could not agree on whether slaves should count as a part of the population (would effect House of Rep.). Northern states had less slaves therefore less representation. Adversely the Southern states with more population accounted for would have higher taxes. It was decided that the Three-Fifth’s Compromise was how slaves would be counted for taxes and representation (Three-fifths of the slave population would count towards a state population).
The Great Compromise
Roger Sherman’s compromise proposed different representation in the two-house legislature. In the upper house- Senate- each state would have two members (equal representation). In the lower house- House of Representatives- the number of seats are based on population.

12. Approving the CONSTITUTION
Bill of Rights
[Bill of Rights were eventually the first 10 amendments to the Constitution, guaranteeing certain individual rights.]
Some delegates worried about not having a Bill of Rights included in the Constitution. They were afraid that without one- the new government may abuse its power. The Bill of Rights was not initially included because the delegates believe that the Constitution carefully defined government powers and provided enough protection of individual rights.
Ratifying the Constitution
September 17, 1787: the delegates assembled to sign the Constitution they created. Three delegates were Anti- Federalists. Anti-Federalists opposed the ratification (approval) of the Constitution. Gerry and Mason would not sign it without a Bill of Rights and Randolph (creator of Virginia Plan) would not sign since it was too far from his own beliefs.
Ratification is the process by which the Constitution or amendments to it were approved

13. u.s. constitution brain pop
ushistory/usconstitution/

14. Chapter 8 LESSON 1
Test Days Dec. 11th and 12th

15. BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT brain pop
sgovernmentandlaw/branchesofgovernme nt/
BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT brain pop

16. Legislative Branch- Congress
House and Senate make up Congress.
Each states House of Representatives depends on the state’s population size.
Congress-
Power to Declare War

17. Executive Branch

18. Judicial Branch-
Federal Judges-
are appointed for LIFE.

19. Checks, Balances, and the Exercise of Power
Veto-
Action President can take to stop a new bill.
2/3 of Congress must vote to pass a bill after it has been vetoed
The Congress makes the law, while the president enforces the law.

20. Assignment: checks and balances poster
Create a Checks and Balances Poster based off of the chart on Page 215.
Make sure you include pictures to illustrate each Branches power.

21. Chapter 8 LESSON 2
Test Days Dec. 11th and 12th

22. Voting rights The19th amendment granted women the right to vote.
15TH Amendment gave African American citizens the right to vote.
Year: 1870
The19th amendment granted women the right to vote.
Year: 1920
NOW: Any U.S. citizen
must be 18 years old to vote.

23. Bill of rights brain pop
usgovernmentandlaw/billofrights/

24. 1) Congress cannot make a law that affects the establishment of religion, restricts a person's or the press's right to free speech, or restricts the right of people to assemble.
Citizens have the right to own guns.
3) During times of peace soldiers cannot take up residence in someone else's house without that owner's permission.
4) The protection against unreasonable search and seizure.
5) You cannot be tried for a serious crime without a Grand Jury
deciding there is enough evidence for a trial. Key words: due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and eminent domain.
Bill of Rights
Summary
6) A person should be given a speedy and public trial by a jury of his peers in the state and district where he committed the crime.
7) A person has the right to a civil trial by jury.
8) Excessive bail and/or fines shall not be ordered, and cruel and unusual punishments can't be imposed.
9) You have rights beyond those listed in the Constitution.
10) Areas and laws that aren't governed or prohibited directly by the Constitution may be made by individual states.

25. Quiz/ Make-Up and Review

26. Quiz Just answer the questions and fill in the blank
Quiz Just answer the questions and fill in the blank. When you are finished: make up missing work (4 assignments + Vocab) or do the review on page pg. 207 #1-10 and pg. 223 #1-10 for 5 points extra credit on the test each.
1) Republicanism shaped the United States after the Revolutionary War because _____.
2) Which three groups were not represented at the Constitutional Convention because they were not considered part of the political process?
3) Why did Americans fear a strong national government?
4) Smaller States wanted to base the national government on the ________Plan. (Hint: Virginia or New Jersey)
5) Larger States wanted to base the national government on the _____ Plan. (Hint: Virginia or New Jersey)
6) Three-Fifth’s Compromise was how slaves would be counted for ____ and ____.
7) Anti-Federalists ______ the ratification (approval) of the Constitution.
8) Legislative Branch _____ laws.
9) Federal Judges (Supreme Court Members) are appointed for ____.
10) You must be __ years old to vote.