1. BLOOD TYPES : 101

2. BLOOD……
Red blood cells
White blood cells

3. A LITTLE HISTORY DISCOVERED IN 1900 at the University of Vienna by
Karl Landsteiner in the process of trying to learn why
blood transfusions sometimes cause death and other
times saved a patient.
Karl won the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his discovery.

4. Blood types Classification of blood is based on the presence or
absence of inherited ( from both parents) substances (markers ) found on the surface of the red blood cells.
The most familiar blood group system uses the letters
A, B, O , these represent the alleles /genes that are found on chromosome 9 ( of each parent).
An individual’s ABO type is determined by the inheritance of 1 of 3 alleles (A, B, O) from each parent.

5. % BLOOD TYPES AMONG DIFFERENT populations
% BLOOD TYPES AMONG DIFFERENT populations
Caucasians
African American
Hispanic
Asian
O +
37%
47%
53%
39%
O - 8% 4% 1%
A +
33%
24%
29%
27%
A - 7% 2%
0.5%
B + 9%
18%
25%
B -
0.4%
AB + 3%
AB -
0.3%
0.2%
0.1%

6. Blood Genotypes: phenotypes Blood types of offspring
Genotype of offspring
Blood types of offspring
Allele from parent 1
Allele from parent 2 A AA B AB O AO BB BO OO
CO-DOMINANT
RECESSIVIE

7. ANTIGENS An antigen is a foreign particle that enters the body.
This could be a disease causing agent such as part of
bacterium or virus , a particle such as pollen or dust,
or foreign blood cells and cells from transplanted
organs.

8. ANTIBODIES: An antibody is a protein made by the body’s immune
system. Antibodies react with specific antigens to enable the antigens to be removed from the body.
FOUND IN BLOOD OR OTHER BODY FLUIDS.
PRODUCED BY A TYPE OF WHITE BLOOD CELL.
USED BY THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TO IDENTIFY
& NEUTRALIZE FOREIGN OBJECTS, VIRUSES &
BACTERIA.

9. Lock AND key fit : antigens & antibodies

10. Rh factor Another type of marker protein on the surface of RBC.
It was first identified in rhesus monkeys – that’s why
it is labeled Rh.
Inherited from your parents.
Inherited independently of the ABO blood type alleles.
Rh+ is dominant.
About 85% of humans have the Rh marker.

11. Problem: If an Rh- mother gives birth to a Rh+ infant, some fetal
blood cells cross the placental barrier, and the mother
receives Rh+ antigens. The Rh- mother’s immune
system recognizes these antigens as foreign
invaders and begins making “anti Rh” antibodies.
These antibodies may then be passed on to an Rh+
fetus in a future pregnancy, causing the fetus’s red
blood cells to clump, which can lead to fetal death.

12. BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS: IF YOUR BLOOD TYPE IS….
YOU CAN RECEIVE BLOOD FROM … O
O ONLY
Universal donor A
A and O B
B and O AB
A, B, AB AND O
Universal recipient
BLOOD PLASMA CONTAINS OVER 150 SUBSTANCES, INCLUDING VARIOUS
ANTIBODIES, AND CLOTTING FACTORS THAT CAN BE USED BY SOMEONE ELSE.

13. Blood practice problems

14. Blood practice : co-dominance

15. Were the babies switched?