1. Lecture – 10 Dr. Zahoor Ali Shaikh
BLOOD PRESSURE
Lecture – 10
Dr. Zahoor Ali Shaikh

2. ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
What is Blood Pressure?
It is the pressure or force exerted by the blood against the vessel wall.
Systolic Pressure - It is maximum pressure exerted in the arteries during systole of ventricle. Average 120mm Hg.
Diastolic Pressure – Minimum pressure within the arteries during the diastole of ventricle. Average 80mm Hg.
Unit of Measurement of BP is mm Hg.

3. ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
Normal BP
Systolic (100 —140 mmHg)
Diastolic (60 – 90 mmHg)
What is Pulse Pressure ?
Difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Normal Range - 30 to 60 mm Hg

4. ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
What is Mean Arterial Blood Pressure ?
It is the average pressure which keeps blood flowing through blood vessels throughout the cardiac cycle.
Normal B.P – 120/80 mmHg
Mean Arterial B.P = DiastolicB.P+1/3Pulse pressure
= /3 × 40 = 93.3mmHg
It is Mean Arterial Blood Pressure that is regulated in the body.

5. BLOOD PRESSURE [BP]
Routine BP measurements record systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which is used to assess the Mean Arterial Blood Pressure.
We use instrument Sphygmomanometer to take the blood pressure.

6. DETERMINANTS OF MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE
= Cardiac Output × Total Peripheral Resistance
Cardiac Output depends on Stroke Volume and Heart Rate.
CO = SV × HR
We have discussed the Cardiac Output.

7. PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE
Total Peripheral Resistance depends on Radius of all arterioles and blood viscosity.
Arteriolar radius is more important and influenced by intrinsic metabolic factors which control blood flow.
It is also influenced by extrinsic control that is sympathetic activity, vasopressin and angiotensin II, which are vasoconstrictors.
We have discussed factors affecting the Radius of arteriole.

10. REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE
1. Short Term {Operates in seconds} – Baroreceptors – Chemoreceptors – CNS Ischemic Response 2. Intermediate {Operates in Minutes} – Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism 3. Long Term {Operates in few hours to days} – Kidney- Regulation of Na+ and H2O Two Important Mechanisms are: 1- Baroreceptor Reflex 2- Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism

11. MECHANISM FOR REGULATION OF ARTERIAL PRESSURE

12. BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION
We will discuss Short Term Mechanisms:
BARORECEPTORS
Baroreceptors are stretch receptors present in the walls of blood vessels—CAROTID SINUS and AORTIC ARCH, for short term regulation of B.P.

13. BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION
BARORECEPTORS
If blood pressure changes that is, increases or decreases Baroreceptors try to bring it back to normal value by adjusting cardiac output and peripheral resistance by working through ANS influences on heart, veins and arterioles.
They work in seconds.
Baroreceptors reflex is very important for regulation of Mean Arterial Pressure.

14. BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION
BARORECEPTOR REFLEX
It has following components:
Receptors
Afferent Pathway
Center
Efferent Pathway
Effector Organ
RECEPTORS – Carotid Sinus and Aortic Arch, they are nerve endings and generate action potential in response to pressure present in the arteries.

15. BARORECEPTOR REFLEX
Afferent Pathway – Afferent nerve which carry impulse from carotid sinus is IX [Glassophyrangeal] and from aortic arch is X [Vagus]. Center – Cardiac Center is located in medulla [brain stem]. Efferent Pathway – From Cardiac center, we get Efferent ANS, Sympathetic and Parasympathetic fibers to heart and blood vessels. Effector Organ – Sympathetic causes increase heart rate and force of contraction of heart, vasoconstriction, therefore, increase CO and BP. Parasympathetic causes decrease heart rate, decrease force of contraction of heart, therefore, decreased cardiac output and decreased BP.

20. CHEMORECEPTORS They are located in the carotid artery and aorta.
They are called Carotid body and Aortic body.
They are sensitive to low O2 and increased CO2 and increased H+ ion in blood.
They are mainly for the regulation of respiration but reflexly increase blood pressure by sending excitatory impulses to cardio vascular center in medulla.

21. CNS ISCHEMIC RESPONSE
CNS Ischemia occurs when blood pressure is very low [below 60 mmHg], there is increased sympathetic discharge from cardiac center in medulla to increase blood pressure.

22. RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
It works in minutes and fully active in 20mins.
Renin is enzyme released by kidneys when arterial blood pressure becomes low.
Renin is synthesized by Juxta glomerular [JG cells] of the kidneys.
Renin enters the blood and acts on Angiotensinogin.

25. FACTORS AFFECTING BLOOD PRESSURE
BLOOD PRESSURE is affected by the following factors:
- Age – BP increases with age
- Sex
- Height, Weight
- Posture—Supine, Standing
- Emotions
- Exercise – there is increased cardiac output and decrease in peripheral resistance, {due to vasodilation in skeletal muscle}, therefore systolic BP increases and diastolic BP decreases. Pulse pressure is increased.
- Ethnic Background

26. APPLIED Hypertension [High BP]
Mild — /90-100mmHg
Moderate — / mmHg
Severe — / mmHg
Malignant — When Diastolic BP > 140mmHg
Blood Pressure should be measured on more than Two occasions to make high blood pressure.

27. HYPERTENSION Primary or Essential Hypertension—90% Cause is Not known.
Secondary Hypertension—10%
Renal Cause—80%
Endocrine Cause—5%

28. PRIMARY HYPERTENSION Life Long Drugs are advised.
Aetiology – although cause is NOT known, but
Genetic Factors, Positive Family History may be
there.
Factors which worsen the Hypertension:
- Obesity
- Increased Sodium Intake
- Smoking
- Stress
- Increased Alcohol Intake

29. SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
When increased B.P is due to other known problem.
Causes Of Secondary Hypertension
1. RENAL DISEASES
E.g. Diabetic Nephropathy
Adult Polycystic Kidney Disease
Renal Artery Stenosis
2. CARDIOVASCULAR CAUSE
E.g. Coarctation Of Aorta

30. Causes Of Secondary Hypertension
3. ENDOCRINE CAUSES
E.g. Pheochromocytoma
Conn Syndrome
Cushing Syndrome
4. DRUGS
E.g. Oral Contraceptive Pill
5. PREGNANCY
PRE-ECLAMSIA - Increased BP during 2nd half
of pregnancy

31. Hypertension Complications
Eye -- Retinal Changes
Chronic Renal Failure
Heart Failure
C V A (Cerebro Vascular Accidents)
IMPORTANT
Hypertension may be detected on routine examination.
WHY?
Because Hypertension may be symptomless, until
complication occur.

32. PRE-HYPERTENSION Normal BP 120/80 Hypertension 140/90
Now we use the word Pre-Hypertension when systolic is between 120 to 140 and diastolic is between 80 to 90.
Advice for Pre-Hypertension
Diet
Exercise
Advice for Hypertension
Medication – Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors, Vasodilator, Diuretic, Beta-blocker, Calcium blocker

33. BLOOD PRESSURE PRACTICAL
Normal BP = 120/80 mmHg (In Adults)
Range
Systolic = mmHg
Diastolic = mmHg
Equipment
Stethoscope
Sphygmomanometer
A Bicycle ergometer and/or a treadmill

34. We will discuss in Practical.
Methods Of Measurement BP
1-Palpatory Method
2-Ausculatatory Method
Note: Palpatory method gives estimate of
Systolic BP only
Ausculatory method allows Both Systolic and
Diastolic BP to be measured.
KOROTKOFF Sounds
Laminar Flow, Turbulent Flow
We will discuss in Practical.

36. WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW FROM THIS LECTURE
Definition of Blood Pressure
Normal Value for Blood Pressure
Pulse Pressure
Mean Arterial Blood Pressure
Factors which determine Blood Pressure
{CO × Peripheral Resistors}
Factors which regulate Blood Pressure
Baroreceptor, Renin-Angiotensin Mechanism
Hypertension – Primary & Secondary

37. THANK YOU