2. POTATO SEED It should have proper size (40-60 g) Should be free from all viral diseases Should not have been grown in areas where wart, cyst nematode and other quarantine diseases are endemic Should be either free from soil and tuber borne diseases or carry them within permissible limits Should be of right physiological age

3. SEED REQUIREMENT OF COUNTRY Area:1.9 mha Seed rate:2.5 t/ha Total seed requirement:4.7 m ton

4. Grade of seed Area required (ha) (Prodn. @ 15t/ha) Breeder seed 801,200 Foundation-I4006,000 Foundation-II2,00030,000 Certified10,0001,50,000 Certified-I50,0007,50,000 Certified-II2,50,00037,50,000 HOW TO MEET SEED REQUIREMENT ?

5. Before 1970 SEED PRODUCTION IN INDIA BEFORE 1970

6. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH HILL GROWN SEED  Hill seed is not of right physiological age for use in the plains  It carries soil and tuber borne pathogens not often found in the plains  Long distance transport  Area in hills is insufficient for seed production

7. SITE REQUIREMENTS FOR SEED PRODUCTION Freedom from soil borne pathogens like wart, cyst nematodes, bacterial wilt, black scurf, and common scab. Low aphid or aphid free period of 75 days after planting. The min. & max. temperature should be within 8-28C during crop season. Several seed production channels evolved. India is the only Asian country with a well established, scientific seed production programme.

8. APHID POPULATION BUILDUP IN SUB-TROPICS

9. APHID POPULATION CURVE IN NORTHERN PLAINS OF INDIA Aphid number Cropping pattern vs. virus incidence

10. APPEARANCE AND BUILDUIP OF APHIDS IN INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS Region Date of appearance Critical limit time Punjab2 nd wk. Nov.3 rd wk. Dec. Western UP3 rd wk. Nov.4 th wk. Dec. Tarai RegionI st wk. Dec.3 rd wk. Dec. Central plains, UP 1 st wk. Dec.4 th wk. Dec. Eastern plains4 th wk. Dec.3 rd wk. Jan.

11. COMPONENTS OF SEED PLOT TECHNIQUE Disease free seedBlind earthing PlantDehaulmHarvest Punjab,HaryanaOct.7Dec. 31Jan, 15 NW & Central plainsOct.15Jan. 10Jan. 25 Eastern UP & MPOct. 31Jan. 15Jan. 31 Bihar & W.BengalNov. 7Jan. 20Jan. 31  Systemic granular insecticide at planting/earthing  Removal of off types & diseased plants  1-2 sprays of systemic insecticide + Metalaxyl-Mancozeb in Dec- Jan  Crop rotation 2-3 yrs  Hot weather cultivation  Green manure  Tuber treatment- boric acid  Original  Refinement

12. IMPACT OF SEED PLOT TECHNIQUE  Decentralization of potato breeding from hills to plains enabling development of varieties suited to different agro-climatic regions of the country  Area under seed production enhanced 12 folds  Availability of potato seed in hills and plains in proper physiological state  Saving on US $ 484 million annually on seed import

13. After 1970 SEED PRODUCTION IN INDIA AFTER 1970

14. SUITABILITY OF REGIONS FOR SEED PRODUCTION StateZoneType of seedProblems Himachal Pradesh Northern high hills Nucleus, breeders, Foundation and certified seed Low aphids during cropping season and no serious soil and tuber borne disease and pests Lahaul Spiti valley Foundation and certified seed aphids are common and the occurrence of Sclerotinia and Verticilium wilts Jammu and Kashmir Northern high hills Breeders Foundation and certified seed Low aphid infestation PlainsFoundation and certified seed High population of aphids

15. StateZoneType of seedProblems North- eastern states North- eastern high and mid hills Foundation, certified seed High population of aphids and incidence of wart and brown rot disease Darjeeling region Seed for local useWart disease Punjab, Haryana, western UP, MP, Bihar Indo- Gangetic plains Nucleus, breeder, Foundation, certified seeds Low aphids during October to mid January and no serious soil and tuber borne diseases

16. StateZoneType of seedProblems West Bengal, Orissa, eastern MP North eastern plains Foundation and certified seed High population of aphids, bacterial wilt Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Plains and plateau region Seed for self use High population of aphids and brown rot incidence Tamil NaduNilgiri hillsSeed for local use Presence of cyst nematode and brown rot

17. CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM OF SEED PRODUCTION Stage –I (1 st year) Breeder seed Stage –II (2 nd year) Stage –III (3 rd year) Stage –IV (4 th year) FS-I (5 th year) Foundation seed FS-II (6 th year) Certified (7 th year) Certified Certified I (8 th year) Certified II(9 th year) Tuber selection and indexing (Nucleus seed)

18. VIRUSES Potato Virus X Potato Virus S Potato Virus M Potato Virus Y Potato Leaf Roll Virus Potato Virus A, ALCV TUBER INDEXING BY ELISA

24. STAGE - I Clonal field multiplication 1 x 1 m; rogue; 100% tested; individual harvest

25. STAGE - II Separate clones in rows in field 100 x 20 cm; rogue; 100% tested in composite sample; bulk harvest

26. Stage III  Bulk multiplication 60 x 20 cm; rogued; 300 plant/ ha tested; bulk harvest; bulk harvest Stage IV Breeder seed60 x 20 cm; rogued; 300 plant/ ha tested; bulk harvest

27. In vitro production of virus free plantlets Sprout / Shoot tip culture Virus test In vitro virus free plant Potato tuber/plant In vitro plantlets Thermo/ Chemotherapy Meristem-tip culture Basic starting material maintained in vitro +

28. Microplants Microplants: 80-90% survival 8-12 minitubers/plant Generation-1 Generation-2 Breeder Seed Tissue cultured based seed production system

29. Aeroponic based seed production system Microplants Microplants: 80-90% survival 8-12 minitubers/plant Generation-1 Generation-2 Breeder Seed

30. CLASSIFICATION PATHWAY (UK) Scottish Agricultural Science Agency (SASA) Nuclear Stock Initiation Unit SASA Nuclear Stock Maintenance Unit Micropropagation Laboratories Pre-basic TC (mini tuber) Class Pre-basic Generation 1-4 Class Super Elite (SE) Generation 1-3 Class Elite (E) Generation 1-3 A cannot be entered for further seed multiplication EEC 2 EEC 3

31. Tolerance limit for off type and diseases (UK) Defect/diseasePre-basic Super Elite EliteACC Leaf Roll nil0.010.10.42.0 Severe mosaic nilnil0.10.42.0 Total severe virus nil0.010.10.42.0 Mild mosaic nil0.050.50.85.0 Total virus nil0.050.50.85.0 Black leg nil0.250.51.02.0 Deviations from variety and type nil0.050.050.10.5 (Maximum percentage plants affected)

32. G6G6 G5G5 G4G4 G3G3 G2G2 G1G1 G0G0 Small tubers In vitro micropropagation Test 25% of plants (composite samples by ELISA) Test 250 plants/ha by ELISA Test 250 plants/ 4ha by ELISA Symptomatology Commercial production Test 100% of plants (composite samples by ELISA, indicator plants, NASH etc. Field Greenhouse Post-harvest test by symptomatology and ELISA G = Generation Generations in seed production and suggestion for virus detection (Netherland)

33. Seed Standards in the Netherlands (% tolerance) DiseaseBasicCertified SSEEABC Field inspection Varietal impurity 0000.010.050.1 Bacteria (Black leg) 0000.030.10.1 Severe mosaic & PLRV 0.030.030.10.250.52.0 Mild mosaic 0.030.030.12.04.010.0 Total viruses 0.030.030.12.04.010.0 Verticillium wilt 2.02.03.04.08.0- Lot inspection Rhizoctonia (Blight) Rhizoctonia (Blight)101025252525 Phytophthora Phytophthora 1 tuber per 50 Kg Common scab Scab scale 2.5 (max. 1/8 of surface) External defects 4-12 tubers per 50 kg

34. POTATO CERTIFIED SEED STANDARDS Disease Incidence IndiaHolland * CanadaUK Mild mosaics3215 SM and PLRV10.2512 Brown rot0.014000 LB, Dry rot1NP Wet rot0NP Black scurf5 ** NP Common scab5 ** NP Total tuber Disease5--- Root knot nematodeNilNP Nil Cyst nematodeNilNP Nil NP : No limit prescribed* : Brown rot prevalent since 1995 ** : Tuber treatment compulsory

35. SEED CERTIFICATION STANDARDS FOR FOUNDATION AND CERTIFIED SEEDS Permissible DI limits for foliar diseases Seed grade % DI limits Off type Mild mosaic Severe mosaic/PLRV/PVT/ LST/ yellows PSTV FS-11.00.5 - 0.05 FS-II2.00.75 - 0.05 Certified3.01.0-0.1

36. PERMISSIBLE LIMITS FOR TUBER DISEASES Grade % incidence Common scab Black scurf Cut/ bruised Late blight Dry rot FS-15.05.01.01.01.0 FS-II5.05.01.01.01.0 Certified5.05.05.01.01.0

37. Eligibility criteria for production of minitubers through tissue culture Basic Material The basic tissue culture material must be of a notified variety and the plantlet should be tested by the accredited laboratory for freedom from  PVA, PVS, PVX, PVY, PVM, PLRV, PALCV, PSTVd, endophytic bacteria and fungi  10 plantlet to be tested for each variety  Method  ELISA, RTPC  Light microscopy  Culturing on media

38. Laboratory & Green House  Lab and net house facilities free from insect pests  Growth and Potting medium – sterilized  Net house facility  Insect proof  Double door with changing space

39.  All micro-propagation and green house facilities must meet the prescribed standards  Net house soil should be free from  Wart  Brown rot  Non-cyst forming nematodes  Cyst nematodes  Common scab CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENT

40.  The seed producer should inform the competent authority well in advance  Source of seed has to be tissue culture grown plantlets/ micro tubers  A minimum of three inspections shall be made  First inspection (35 days : plains) (45 days : hills) - For diseases, off types & isolation (1 m)  Second inspection Besides general inspection pathogen testing (viruses) 5 (minimum) – 25 (maximum) plants/varieties  Third inspection (immediately after haulm cutting) - To check date of haulm cutting? - Re-growth INSPECTION OF NET HOUSE FACILITY

41.  Use of effective sanitation  Sterilization of nursery beds  The net house grown crop should be 100% free from all viruses  If any of the virus is detected, the crop will be rejected INSPECTION OF NET HOUSE FACILITY

42. Certification standards for net house grown crop Factor Maximum Permissible limits (%) Off types 0.05 Mild mosaic 0.05 Severe mosaics, Apical Leaf Curl, PLRV 0.05 Bacterial wilt Nil

43. Standards for mini tubers FactorStandards Weight (minimum) >1.0 g Germination (minimum) 90% Varietal purity (minimum) 99% Virus (all) 0.1

44. FUTURE CHALLENGES IN SEED PRODUCTION Impact of climate change on vector dynamics and shortening of growing window. Emerging new vectors like white fly, thrips, A. gossypi aphids, hoppers, psyllids. Increasing pressure of soil & tuber borne disease like common scab, russet scab, black scurf, brown rot, Sclerotium wilt, Sclerotinia stem rot, Verticillium wilt and nematodes Monoculture of potato as well as increasing cropping intensity. Production of quality seed in non-traditional areas.