1. CircuitProtection, Tips, and Troubleshooting Spring 2015 ECE 445

2. Becoming a Good Design Engineer Understand the problem Understand the constraints you have Understand previous approaches to the problem at hand End goal of senior design: - Solve problems you haven’t been faced with and be innovative But first: background knowledge is required

3. Circuit Connections Pay attention to polarity

4. Ratings Determine part ratings All components are rated Capacitors: - If the voltage across the capacitor is going to be 50 [V], should you use a capacitor that is rated to 50 [V]? Resistors: maximum power dissipation - P = i 2 * R or P = v 2 /R Example: – P = (5e-3) 2 * 1e4 - i.e. the power dissipated without burning it out = 250 mW

5. Data Sheets By reading the data sheet: - Provide pin-layouts - Device ratings - Potential applications

6. Voltage CurrentLimiting Fuses - Typically allow for passage of “normal” current - A fuse will “blow” above its current rating Diodes - Conduct when V > 0.7 V Best solution: use both diodes and fuses

7. Device Polarity The longer length is the (+) terminal - Capacitor - Diode Polarity: tantalum or electrolytic No polarity: ceramic or polyester The bar indicates cathode

8. Reverse Polarity Protection Below are 2 different configurations to ensure correct voltage polarity to the circuit Circuit will not operate with incorrect polarity “Diode Bridge” Circuit will operate under either polarity, but will have higher losses

9. Power Supply Bypass/Decoupling Capacitors Bypass capacitors - Shunts noise (AC signals) to ground - Larger size capacitors for higher supply voltages

10. Earth Ground vs “Ground” Green terminal is earth ground Black terminals are signal grounds Know the difference!

11. Potentiometers Variable resistors - Example is a trimpot with R=10 K Ohms - From (a) to (c), R1 = 6 K Ohms - From (b) to (c), R2 = 4 K Ohms

12. Resistor Codes Reading Surface Mount Resistors A resistor marked 332 is 3.3 kilo-ohms 3K3 is 3.3 kilo-ohms Be aware of reference tables for resistors and wire gauges

13. Wire Gauges Wire gauge is a standard for the size of the wire (proportional to current rating) Typical wire in lab is 22 AWG (American Wire Gauges) 52.9 mΩ/meter 7 A for short wiring 0.92 A for power transmission Breadboard in the lab can only use 22 AWG or smaller, otherwise it will damage the clips

14. Driving High Current Load Most microprocessor/TTL can drive <20mA, that is approximately an LED - Interface microprocessor I/O with a gate. - Let the gate break instead of the microprocessor! Methods - Relays - Simple but may wear out and have delays - Transistor - Fast switching but have current limit - H-bridge - More involved but allows for forward and reverse current - Good for motors

15. Troubleshooting Steps (1/2) 1. Check supply voltage using the multimeter - Is power plugged in? Is any switch off? Is the fuse blown? Are all the breadboard bus strips connected to VDD/GND? 2. Probe signal at intermediate stages or individual function blocks I/O - Equipment available: - For digital signals: Logic Analyzer, LEDs - For analog signals: Oscilloscope, Voltmeter, Spectrum Analyzer 3. Check interconnections - Is anything mis-wired? Are any wires loose? Are any contacts bad? Is any signal floating?

16. Troubleshooting Steps (2/2) 4. Double check the design - Check the pin diagram - Check that you have the correct datasheet for the part number - Re-analyze the logic, go through some calculation - Ensure correct polarity 5. Faulty devices/breadboard (Last resort if all else fails!) - Replace/rewire one part at a time, test after every change - Isolate the parts under test from the rest of the circuit

17. References http://www.intersil.com/data/an/an1325.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diode http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(electrical) http://www.learnabout-electronics.org/resistors_07.php http://www.rbeelectronics.com/wtable.htm Previous ECE 445 Lecture Slides Staff of the ECE Electronics Shop, Dan Mast, Mark Smart, Skot Wiedmann