1. Compass traverse The compass traverse is commonly used in forestry
One of the greatest expeditions of exploration in history used compass traverses as their primary mapping tools.

2. The Forks of the Missouri sketched by Capt. Wm. Clark..
Note the grid base, the transect data and the features sketched along the river (bluffs, meanders, islands etc.)

3. course distance comments
 South
 1 1/2
 to a point on the Stard [starboard or right] Side
 S 28º W
 2 1/4
 to a rock resembling a tour [tower] in the Stard [Starboard] bend
 S 10º E
 1 3/4
 to the Stard. point passing a rapid
 S 60º W
  3/4
 to a tree in the Std [Starboard] bend rocks & rapds [rapids] all the dist[ance]
 3/4
 to some bushes on a Lard [larboard or left side] point passed a large Creek at 1/2 a mile on the Lard. Side which we called Shield's Creek
A portion of the field notes for a daily compass traverse recorded by Capt. Wm. Clark

4. The Compass provides accurate measurement of angles.

5. Orienteering compass…

6. Orienteering as a sport….
Using the map and compass to ‘wander around’ in the backside of the world!

7. A compass does not always point north!
The degree to which a compass points a direction OTHER than north… is called magnetic declination

8. In order to make accurate maps using a compass it is essential to understand how the compass can be deceived, and the natural distortions inherent in the earth’s magnetic field.
Lines of equal magnetic declination are called agonic lines..Note the magnetic declination lines in North Alabama are very close to 0

9. … measuring distance with the human body…
The pace is the standard measure used by field workers… it can be a highly accurate tool for distance measurements.

10. OTHER TOOLS FOR MEASURING DISTANCE:
The survey chain, 33 or 66 feet long, forged iron (fair dimensional stability) … THE tool for original survey work.  

11. Tape
Tape measures, made possible by the development of new materials, mylar or steel strips. Tapes are accurate, and awkward.

12. Measuring wheel
Measuring wheel, accurate and can be used by a one man crew. Mechanical counters have been replaced by electronic counters. Fairly common.

13. Parallax range finder
Parallax range finder uses the principle of parallax to estimate distance based on the path of light from an object. Camera range finders work on this principle.

14. Laser Range finder
 the big time. Highly accurate, no problems with dimensional stability, the basis for modern survey practice! Send a laser pulse to a target… and measures the time required to for the reflection to return to the observer.

15. The laser total station

16. The laser total station combines a laser based distance measuring device with a highly accurate device to measure angles (vertical and horizontal)
The total station can convert all field observations into a data file which can be downloaded directly into a computer mapping application.