1. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Gynecology/Oncology
Infertility

2. Ultrasound in Obstetrics
Early gestation ultrasound
First trimester screening
Ultrasound guided procedures
Cervical length
Level II ultrasound
Targeted scan
Fetal echocardiography
Growth scan
Doppler sonography

3. Early gestation ultrasound
Intra- or extra-uterine pregnancy
Prognosis of pregnancy
Number of fetuses
Dating

4. First trimester screening with ultrasound
Screening for Down syndrome:
Nuchal translucency
Nasal bone
Combination with biochemical markers
Screening for cardiac defects:

12. Level II sonogram Should it be performed routinely?
When should it be performed?
Which organs should level II sonogram include?

33. Indications for Fetal -Echocardiography
Suspected cardiac anomalies on sonogram
Non cardiac fetal anomalies detected
Fetal arrhythmia
Maternal/Paternal/Siblings with cardiac defects
Exposure to teratogens: viral and drugs
Diabetes
SLE (anti Ro/La)
Genetic and chromosomal diseases

53. Twin-to-Twin-Transfusion
Doppler Sonography
Indications:
IUGR
Pre-eclampsia
Twin-to-Twin-Transfusion
Isoimmunization

54. Middle cerebral artery
Doppler Sonography
Vessels to study:
Umbilical artery
Middle cerebral artery
Inferior vena cava
Ductus venosus
Umbilical vein

55. Doppler Sonography Pathological findings:
Umbilical artery – RDV, AEDV, high S/D
MCA – Low S/D or PI, high PV
IVC – Increased reversed flow
DV – decreased forward and appearance of reverse flow
Umbilical vein - pulsations