1. Protein: Amino Acids Chapter 6

2. Amino Acid
“R”

3. Amino Acids Essential amino acids i.e. indispensable amino acids
PVT. TIM HALL (or PVT. MAT HILL)
Nonessential amino acids
i.e. dispensable amino acids
“Conditionally” essential amino acids

5. An Essential Amino Acid

6. Nonessential Amino Acids

8. Proteins
Remember Condendation?
Dipeptide

9. Tripeptide: Yes...it’s three of ‘em.

10. Proteins
Polypeptide

11. Proteins Amino acid sequences
With 20 different amino acids you can say a lot!

12. Protein shape and function

13. Proteins Protein denaturation uncoiling loss of function
heat or acid hydrolysis.
loss of function

14. Protein Digestion Stomach
HCl activated pepsinogen (proteolytic enzyme)
Pepsinogen*  pepsin
Pepsin hydrolyzes proteins!
*Proenzyme-an inactive form of enzyme!

15. Protein Digestion Small intestine Proteases-more hydrolysis!
Intestinal and pancreatic
Peptidases

16. Protein Digestion in the GI Tract

17. Protein Absorption Carriers Capillaries Absorption misconceptions
Enzyme/amino acid supplements

18. Protein Synthesis
Sequencing errors

20. Roles of Proteins
Building material
Growth
Maintenance

21. Roles of Proteins
Enzymes

22. Roles of Proteins
Hormones

23. Roles of Proteins Regulation of fluid balance Edema
Acid-base regulation
Acidosis
Alkalosis

24. Transport Proteins One of the most important proteins in your body!
The Sodium-Potassium
Pump in action!

25. Roles of Proteins
Immunity
Antibodies
Antigens

26. Protein Metabolism Protein turnover Amino acid pool Nitrogen balance
Positive nitrogen balance
Negative nitrogen balance

27. Protein Metabolism Using amino acids to make proteins
Using amino acids to make nonessential amino acids

28. Protein Metabolism Using amino acids to make other compounds
Neurotransmitters

29. Protein Metabolism Using amino acids for energy and glucose
Deamination-removal of NH3
Using amino acids to make fat

30. Protein Quality High-quality proteins Digestibility
Animal (90%) vs. plant (70%)
Amino acid composition
Limiting amino acid

31. Protein Quality
Reference protein
Complementary proteins

32. Protein Quality PDCAAS
Protein- digestibility-corrected-amino- acid-score

33. Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Acute PEM
Chronic PEM

34. Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus-kwashiorkor mix

37. Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Infections
Dysentery
Rehabilitation-can they recover?

38. Health Effects
Heart disease
Cancer
Adult bone loss
osteoporosis

39. Health Effects
Weight control
Kidney disease?

41. Recommended Intakes 50 g protein 10% of a 2000 kcal diet RDA
Daily Value
50 g protein
10% of a 2000 kcal diet
RDA
0.8 g/kg/day
10% - 35% of energy intake

42. Recommended Intakes
Adequate intake
Protein in abundance

43. Supplements
Protein supplements
Amino acid supplements

44. Vegetarian Diets

45. Vegetarian Diets Diet planning Protein Lacto-ovo-vegetarians
Meat replacements
Texturized vegetable protein-basically soybeans

46. Vegetarian Diets Vitamins and minerals
Lactovegetarians-easier to meet calcium/vit. D requirements
Vegans-supplements likely needed.
Omega-3 fatty acids also needed.

47. Vegetarian Diets Vegetarian diets through the life span
Pregnancy and lactation
Infancy
Childhood and adolescence