1. Standard Amplitude Modulation (AM)

2. Standard Amplitude Modulation (AM)
In the DSP-SC demodulation, a receiver must generate a local carrier in frequency and phase synchronism with the carrier used for modulation.
This call for a sophisticated receiver and could be quit costly.
The other alternative is for the transmitter to transmit a carrier Ac cos (ωct) along with the modulated signal m(t) cos (ωct). so there is no need to generate a carrier at the receiver and this is the idea of the standard AM.

3. Modulation The modulating signal (information or baseband signal)
The carrier signal is
The modulated signal

4. Modulation

5. Modulation – case 1 When ( is nonnegative) for all value of t.
The envelop has the same shape as m(t).
Hence, we can recover m(t) from this envelop.
At the receiver, the detection is extremely simple and inexpensive operation, which doesn’t require generation of a local carrier for demodulation.

6. Modulation – case 2 The condition is not satisfied.
The envelop shape is not as m(t).
So, we can’t recover m(t) from this envelop.
We can’t build a simple receiver.

7. Modulation Index
Let Am the peak amplitude of m(t) and Ac is the carrier amplitude.
We define modulation index as:
When : this mean that for all t and the SAM(t) (modulated signal) can be demodulated by the envelop detector.
When (overmodulation): this mean that A + m(t) is not ≥ 0 for all t and the option of envelop detection is no longer viable.

8. Spectrum
The spectrum of the modulated signal SAM(t) is the same as that of m(t) cos (ωct) plus tow additional impulses at + ωc and - ωc . If
then

9. Spectrum
LSB
USB

10. Spectrum
The modulated signal spectrum centered at ωc is composed of three parts:
An impulse at the carrier frequency ωc
The upper sideband (USB), a portion that lies above ωc whose highest frequency component is at ωc + ωM
The lower sideband (LSB), a portion that lies below ωc whose lowest frequency component is at ωc - ωM
The bandwidth of the modulated waveform is twice the information signal bandwidth.

11. Transmission Power
The advantage of envelop detection in the standard AM has its price.
Recall, the transmission power and the channel bandwidth are the two primary communication resources and should be used efficiently.
The transmission of the carrier wave represent a waste of power.
In the standard AM, only a fraction of the total transmitted power is actually for m(t).

12. Demodulation
In the standard AM modulation, the modulation index should be in order to demodulate the received modulated signal by using an envelop detector.

13. Single-Sideband (SSB) Modulation

14. Introduction
Standard AM and DSB-SC modulations has two sidebands: LSB and USB.
These two methods waste the channel bandwidth because they both require a transmission bandwidth equal to twice the message bandwidth.

15. Introduction
Note that the USB and the LSB are symmetric about the carrier frequency.
Hence, given the spectra of either sideband, we can determine the other.
So, the transmission of either sideband is sufficient to reconstruct the message signal m(t) at the receiver.
Thus, the bandwidth of the transmitted signal ( modulated signal) will be the bandwidth of the modulating signal ( baseband signal)

16. Single-Sideband (SSB) Modulation
In single-sideband (SSB) modulation just only one sideband is transmitted.

17. Generation of SSB Signals
One way to generate an SSB signal is to:
generate a DSB signal first,
and then suppress one of its sidebands by filtering ( band-pass filter designed to pass one of the sidebands of the modulated signal)

18. Spectrum of SSB Signals
The filter must have sharp cutoff
characteristics to eliminate
the undesired sideband

19. Demodulation
Demodulation of SSB signals can be achieved easily by using the coherent detector as used in the DSB demodulation, that is, by multiplying  by a local carrier and passing the resulting signal through a low-pass filter. 

20. Demodulation

21. Vestigial-Sideband (VSB) modulation

22. Vestigial-Sideband (VSB) modulation
Vestigial-Sideband (VSB) modulation is a compromise between SSB and DSB modulations.
In this modulation scheme, one sideband is passed almost completely, whereas just a trace, or vestige, of the other sideband is retained. 
The typical bandwidth required to transmit a VSB signal is about 1.25 that of SSB.
VSB is used for transmission of the video signal in commercial television broadcasting.

23. Generation of VSB Signals
A VSB signal can be generated by passing a DSB signal through a sideband-shaping filter [VSB filter].

25. Demodulation of VSB
The m(t) can be recovered by synchronous or coherent demodulation , that is, by multiplying  by a local carrier and passing the resulting signal through a low-pass filter.