1. Seeds and pollen are plant adaptations.

2. 11.3 Seeds
A seed is a young plant that is enclosed in a protective coating.
Within the coating are enough nutrients to enable the plant to grow.
Seeds and spores can both withstand harsh conditions.
Seeds plants have an advantage over seedless plants

3. 11.3 Seeds
In all plants, fertilization brings about the growth of the next generation of the plant.
Embryo = the immature form of an organism that has the potential to grow and develop
The seed coat protects the immature plant until conditions (moisture, temp, etc.) are right for growth.
Germination = beginning of growth of a new plant from a spore or seed. (sprouting!)
Uses stored energy in seed until roots/shoots can function.

4. 11.3 Seed bearing plants
Trees, bushes, flowers, and grasses are all seed plants.
Seeds vs Spores
Multicellular embryo single cell
Have nuturient supply no nutrient supply
Both: protective coating, can survive harsh conditions, contain parent DNA

5. 11.3 How Seeds Spread
Spores
Wind
Seeds
Water
Animals
Popping

6. Inside a seed
Seed Coat
Embryo
Seed
Stored Nutrients

7. 11.3 Pine Trees
Pollen = small multicellular structure that holds a sperm cell (non-swimming plant sperm)
Carried by: wind, water, animals (bugs/birds)
Pinecone = reproductive structure of pine tree
Meiosis occurs in cones which produce sperm and egg cells in separate mail & female cones
Pollen is in male cones; Eggs in female cones (Gen1)
Cone produces a sticky substance which “catches” the male pollen which grows a pollen tube . When pollen gets to egg, fertilization occurs and embryo grows.
Seeds are released & Sprout (Gen.2)

8. Gymnosperms are seed plants w/o fruit There are 4 types

9. 11.3 Gymnosperms
Pollen and seeds are reproductive adaptations that did not appear for millions of years after mosses & ferns.
Today, most plants on earth reproduce with seeds (gymnosperms) & many seedless plants are extinct.
Fossils prove gymnosperm “naked seed” plants are more than 250 million years old.

10. 11.3 Conifers
Cone bearing trees = pine, fir, spruce, hemlock, cypress, and redwood trees
Live in cold climates with limited water
Leaves are thick, needle-shaped, & have a thick cuticle
Keep needles for several years & therefore can produce sugar all year so some are called “evergreens”

11. Other gymnosperms
Cycads – tropical, cone producing, palm-like plants; many produce poisonous compounds
Gnetophytes – tropical, cone producing, chemicals from them have been used to treat colds
Ginkgoes – have fleshy seeds that hang down. Male seed coats smell bad.