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2.  Titration is a common laboratory technique used to determine the concentration of a solution  Titrant is the solution in the buret  Standard Solution a solution of KNOWN concentration, usually in the buret  Sample is the solution being analyzed in a titration (the “unknown” concentration) 2

3.  Endpoint is the point at which the indicator changes colour Before endpoint At endpoint After endpoint (faint pink) (overshot!) 3

4.  Equivalence Point the measured quantity of titrant recorded at the point at which chemically equivalent amounts have reacted (a.k.a. the stoichiometric point) 4

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6.  Titration Technique Using a Buret VIDEO#1VIDEO 6 Titration Technique Using a Buret VIDEO#2VIDEO

7.  For most neutralization reactions, there is no visible signs that a reaction is occurring  An acid-base indicator is a substance that changes colour in acidic and basic solutions 7

8.  Majority of acid-base indicators are weak, monoprotic acids, the undissociated weak acid is one colour, and its conjugate base is a different colour H (indicator) (aq)  H + + (indicator) - (aq) Colour 1 Colour 2  For example, phenolphthalein is an indicator often used for reactions between strong acids and bases. It is colourless between pH 0-8 and turns pink between pH 8-10 8

9.  Endpoint is the point at which the indicator changes colour Before endpoint At endpoint After endpoint (faint pink) (overshot!) 9

10.  Standard Solution is one of the reactants, you must know the precise and accurate concentration of the standard solution. 10 Titration Example An acid rain sample containing sulfurous acid was analyzed in a laboratory using a titration with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide. Use the following evidence given in Table 1 to determine the concentration of the sulfurous acid.

11. Trial123 Final buret reading (mL) 15.330.545.5 Initial buret reading (mL) 0.215.330.5 Volume of NaOH (aq) added 15.115.215.0 11 Table 1: Titration of 20.0 mL of H 2 SO 3(aq) with 0.150 mol/L NaOH (aq)

12. Balanced Chemical Equation H 2 SO 3(aq) + 2NaOH (aq)  Na 2 SO 3(aq) + 2H 2 O (l) 12 What was the average NaOH (aq) used to titrate 20.0 mL sulfurous acid? v NaOH = 15.1 + 15.2 + 15.0 3 = 15.1 mL

13. 13 Where are you starting? Where are you going? H 2 SO 3(aq) + 2NaOH (aq)  Na 2 SO 3(aq) + 2H 2 O (l) Stoichiometry Time!!! Answer: 0.0566 mol/L H 2 SO 3 Titration Practice (ws)