1. Titration Graphs

2. KeMsoft062 Strong Acid - Strong Base Investigating the titration between: 1M HCl and 1M NaOH

3. KeMsoft063 Strong Acid - Strong Base HCl 10 ml NaOH

4. KeMsoft064 Strong Acid - Strong Base HCl 10 ml NaOH

5. KeMsoft065 Strong Acid - Strong Base HCl 10 ml NaOH

6. KeMsoft066 Strong Acid - Strong Base HCl 10 ml NaOH

7. KeMsoft067 Strong Acid - Strong Base Equivalence point at pH7 NaOH + HCl = NaCl + H 2 O 1M 1M 1NaOH + 1HCl = NaCl + H 2 O 10ml Solutions mixed in the right proportions according to the equation.

8. KeMsoft068 Strong Acid - Strong Base Running acid into alkaliRunning alkali into acid

9. KeMsoft069 Strong Acid - Weak Base Investigating the titration between: 1M HCl and 1M NH 3 (aq)

10. KeMsoft0610 Strong Acid - Weak Base 1M 1M 1NH 3 + 1HCl = NH 4 Cl 25ml pH starts to fall quickly as acid is added pH falls less quickly as buffer soln formed (excess NH 3 and NH 4 Cl present) Soln at equivalence point is slightly acidic because ammonium ion is slightly acidic NH 4 + + H 2 O  NH 3 + H 3 O + Weak base so initial pH value is less than 14 acid alkali

11. KeMsoft0611 Strong Acid - Weak Base alkali acid Excess of acid present – graph same as when adding strong acid to strong alkali After equivalence point the soln contains NH 3 and NH 4 Cl – a buffer soln and so resists large increse in pH so graph flattens out.

12. KeMsoft0612 Strong Acid - Weak Base Running acid into alkaliRunning alkali into acid

13. KeMsoft0613 Weak Acid - Strong Base Investigating the titration between: 1M CH 3 COOH and 1M NaOH

14. KeMsoft0614 Weak Acid - Strong Base 1M 1M 1CH 3 COOH + 1NaOH = CH 3 COONa 25ml pH falls less quickly as buffer soln formed (excess CH 3 COOH and CH 3 COO - present) Soln at equivalence point is slightly alkaline because ethanoate ion is slightly alkaline CH 3 COO - + H 2 O  CH 3 COOH + OH - acid alkali Excess of alkali present – graph same as when adding strong acid to strong alkali

15. KeMsoft0615 Weak Acid - Strong Base alkali acid pH starts to rise quickly as alkali is added pH rises less quickly as buffer soln formed (excess CH 3 COOH and CH 3 COO - present) Excess of alkali present – graph same as when adding strong alkali to strong acid

16. KeMsoft0616 Weak Acid - Strong Base Running acid into alkaliRunning alkali into acid

17. KeMsoft0617 Weak Acid - Weak Base Investigating the titration between: 1M CH 3 COOH and 1M NH 3

18. KeMsoft0618 Weak Acid - Weak Base acid alkali 1CH 3 COOH + 1NH 3 = CH 3 COO - + 1NH 4 + About as weak as each other -

19. KeMsoft0619 Weak Acid - Weak Base acid alkali No steep section – small addition of acid causes a large change in pH, so… Very difficult to do a titration between a weak acid and a weak base.

20. KeMsoft0620 Weak Acid - Weak Base

21. KeMsoft0621 Complicated titration curves hydrochloric acid Sodium carbonate Na 2 CO 3 + HCl  NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O Assume both solutions are of the same concentration 212 Reacting ratio is 1:2 Twice the volume of hydrochloric acid required to reach the equivalence point Hydrochloric acid and sodium carbonate Strong Acid - Weak Base

22. KeMsoft0622 50 hydrochloric acid Sodium carbonate Na 2 CO 3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O 25cm 3 50cm 3 50 weak base, CO 3 2- Twice the volume of hydrochloric acid required to reach the equivalence point Complicated titration curves

23. KeMsoft0623 hydrochloric acid Sodium carbonate Na 2 CO 3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O 25cm 3 50cm 3 Twice the volume of hydrochloric acid required to reach the equivalence point Complicated titration curves

24. KeMsoft0624 hydrochloric acid Sodium carbonate Na 2 CO 3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O 25cm 3 50cm 3 Twice the volume of hydrochloric acid required to reach the equivalence point Complicated titration curves A B NO CO 2 observed whilst adding first 25 ml of acid CO 2 observed whilst adding next 25 ml of acid 2550 excess acid

25. KeMsoft0625 Na 2 CO 3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O Complicated titration curves A B Na 2 CO 3 + HCl  NaCl + NaHCO 3 NaHCO 3 + HCl  NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O

26. KeMsoft0626 Na 2 CO 3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O Complicated titration curves A B Na 2 CO 3 + HCl  NaCl + NaHCO 3 NaHCO 3 + HCl  NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O Na 2 CO 3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + CO 2 + H 2 O

27. KeMsoft0627 Complicated titration curves Sodium hydroxide ethanedioic acid (COOH) 2 + NaOH  (COONa) 2 + H 2 O Assume both solutions are of the same concentration 21 Reacting ratio is 1:2 Twice the volume of sodium hydroxide required to reach the equivalence point. Ethanedioic acid and sodium hydroxide Weak Acid - Strong Base Two hydrogen ions can be formed per molecule of the acid. It is a… DIPROTIC ACID

28. KeMsoft0628 50 sodium hydroxide ethanedioic acid 25cm 3 50cm 3 50 fairly strong acid Twice the volume of sodium hydroxide required to reach the equivalence point Complicated titration curves (COOH) 2 + NaOH  (COONa) 2 + H 2 O21 50

29. KeMsoft0629 Volume of alkali added (cm 3 ) Complicated titration curves sodium hydroxide ethanedioic acid 25cm 3 50cm 3 Twice the volume of sodium hydroxide required to reach the equivalence point (COOH) 2 + 2NaOH  (COONa) 2 + H 2 O reaction is in TWO stages one of the hydrogens is easier to remove than the other

30. KeMsoft0630 Choosing an Indicator 3.79.3

31. KeMsoft0631 Strong Acid - Strong Base

32. KeMsoft0632 Strong Acid - Weak Base

33. KeMsoft0633 Weak Acid - Strong Base

34. KeMsoft0634 Weak Acid – Weak Base

35. KeMsoft0635 Acid - Carbonate