1. Laser-Plasma Accelerators : Status, Applications and Perspectives
Victor Malka LOA, ENSTA – CNRS - École Polytechnique, Palaiseau cedex, France
1 mm
Laser beam
Electron beam
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

2. Pukhov, University of Dusseldorf, Germany
SPL
ELF
Particle group
F. Ewald
J. Faure
Y. Glinec
A. Lifschitz
Laser group
F. Burgy
B. Mercier
J.Ph. Rousseau
Collaborators
Pukhov, University of Dusseldorf, Germany
E. Lefebvre, CEA/DAM Ile-de-France, France
Supported by EEC under FP6 : CARE
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

3. Classical accelerator limitations
E-field max ≈ few 10 MeV /meter (Breakdown)
R>Rmin Synchrotron radiation
Energy = Length = $$$
Circle road
LEP at CERN
PARIS ≈
27 km
31 km
New medium : the plasma
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

4. n E ~ w n E ~ Are Relativistic Plasma waves efficient ?
Why is a Plasma useful ?
Superconducting RF-Cavities : Ez = 55 MV/m
Plasma is an Ionized Medium High Electric Fields e p z n E ~ w e z n E ~
Are Relativistic Plasma waves efficient ?
Ez = 0.3 GV/m for 1 % Density Perturbation at 1017 cc-1
Ez = 300 GV/m for 100 % Density Perturbation at 1019 cc-1
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

5. How to excite Relativistic Plasma waves?
The laser wake field
Laser pulse
F≈-grad I
Electron density perturbation
Phase velocity vfepw=vglaser => close to c
Analogy with a boat
tlaser≈ Tp / 2
=>Short laser pulse
Tajima&Dawson, PRL79
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

6. Analogy electron/surfer1 2 3
electron g
>
> g e f
>
> 1 E
=2( d
n/n) g 2 mc 2
=> E
(MeV)=( d
n/n)(n /n )
max f
max c e L = l g 2
=>L =( l
/2)(n /n )
3/2
Deph. p f
deph. c e
Analogy:
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

7. INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

8. Injected electrons acceleration with laser :
Wake field (Beat wave)
Few MeV gain
Laser
Injected electrons
Few MeV
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

9. Noise due to scattered electrons
LULI/LPNHE/LPGP/LSI/IC
Wakefield : Acceleration in 1.5 GV/m
The 3-MeV electrons are accelerated up to ≈ 4.5 MeV 1 10
100
1000
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
6.00
Number of electrons
Energy (MeV)
Noise due to scattered electrons
2.5 J, 350 fs, 1017W/cm2, 0.5 mbar He
Amiranoff et al. PRL 1998
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

10. Direct production of e-beam
Laser beam
1 mm
Electron beam
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

11. How to generate an electron beam?
Self-modulated Laser Wakefield Scheme (Andreev, Sprangle, Antonsen 1992)
ct >> lp
excites
enhances
Wavebreaking
Pc(GW) = 17 w02/wp2
Short Pulse
Energetic Electrons if
then
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

12. Wave breaking : from waves to particles
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

13. Relativistic wave breaking.
Relativistic wave breaking
Electrons/MeV 10 5 6 4 3 1 2 20 40 60 80
100
120
Energy (MeV)
ne=0.5x1019cm-3
ne=1.5x1019cm-3
Electron spectra
Forward Raman Spectra 10 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 -2
Intensity (U. A.)
spectral shift (wp)
ne=0.5x1019cm-3
ne=1.5x1019cm-3
Multiple satellites : high amplitude plasma waves
broadening at higher densities
Loss of coherence of the relativistic plasma waves
A. Modena et al., Nature 1995
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

14. Salle Jaune Laser
Oscillator : 2 nJ, 15 fs
Stretcher : 500 pJ, 400 ps
8-pass pre-Amp. : 2 mJ
Nd:YAG : 10 J
5-pass Amp. :
200 mJ
4-pass, Cryo. cooled Amp. :
< 3.5 J, 400 ps
After Compression :
1 J, 30 fs, 0.8 mm,
10 Hz, 10 -7
2 m

15. Neutral profil density measurements :.
Neutral profil density measurements :
the gas jet’s lab z z
2 mill.
2 mill.
2 mill.
rayon
2 mill.
rayon
Densité de neutre (cm -3 ) 10 5
Phase (radians) 16 1
Density (10 18 cm -3 ) 2 1 8 4 6 9 - 4 3 2 1
Rayon (mm)
V. Malka et al., RSI (2000)
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

16. For laser plasma studies
Gas Jet Nozzle Design
For laser plasma studies D
crit
D exit
L opt
Mach N
ext
cm-3 D
crit
D exit
L opt
Mach N
ext
cm-3 mm mm mm
exit mm mm mm
exit
0.5 1 4
3.3
16 x 10 19 1 2 6
3.5
18 x 10 19
0.5 2 5
5.5
4.5 x 10 19 1 3 7
4.75
7.5 x 10 19
0.5 3 5
6.2
2.1 x 10 19 1 5 10 7
2.7 x 10 19
0.5 5 7
9.5
0.7 x 10 19 1 10 15 10
0.75 x 10 19
S. Semushin & V. Malka et al., RSI (2001)
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

17. Tunable electron beam : temperature
F/6
Tunable electron beam : temperature
Electrons are accelerated by epw 10
100 10 6 7 8 9 20 30 40 50 60 70
# electrons/MeV/sr
W (MeV) T
eff
=8.1 MeV
=2.6MeV
detection threshold
Ne=1.5x1019cm-3
Ne=1.5x1020cm-3
(MeV)
max
INCREASE THE ACCELERATION LENGTH E 10 19 20 n
(cm -3 ) e E
max = 4 g p 2 m e c d n
V. Malka et al., PoP (2001)
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

18. Interaction chamber (inside)
Laser beam
electron beam
50 cm
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19. Summary of FLWF previous results
Experiments 10 6 7 8 9 11 50
100
150
200
250
Energy (MeV)
Number of electron (/MeV/sr)
3D PIC simulations 10 10 9 10 8 10
Number of electron (/MeV/sr) 7 10 6 10
Detection Threshold 5 10 50
100
150
200
Energy (MeV)
V. Malka et al., Science, 298, 1596 (2002)
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

20. Low Normalized Emittance
Emittance is indeed comparable with todays Accelerators
Electron Energy (MeV)
n (  mm mrad) 20 40 60
Ee- = ~ 55 MeV
= ~ 3  mm mrad en
x (mm)
x (mrad) -
Ee- = ~ 20 MeV
= ~ 32  mm mrad
0.5
-0.25
0.25
-0.05
0.05
S. Fritzler et al., PRL 04
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

21. SMLWF : Multiple e- bunches / FLWF Single e- bunch
V. Malka, Europhysics news, April 2004
Ps/fs
Electron bunch
laser
Electron density perturbation
ne/n0-1
Electric field fs
Electron bunches
laser
Electric field Ps
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

22. Laser pulse autocorrelation
Lineouts
Possible shape
9.5 fs
time (fs)
no plasma
ne=7.5×1018 cm-3
1.3
r (mm)
-150
150
sensitive to
ct/lp
duration depends
on pulse shape
(gaussian)
Initial duration
t ~ 38+/-2 fs
Final duration
t ~ 9.5+/-2 fs
Energy efficiency
~ 20 %
J. Faure et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, (2005)
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

23. Quasi-Monoenergetic Electron Beams In homogenous plasma : virtual or real?
E, MeV
t=350
t=450
t=550
t=650
t=750
t=850
5 10 8
1 10 9 N e
/ MeV
Time evolution of electron spectrum
monoenergetic electron beam
VLPL
A.Pukhov & J.Meyer-ter-Vehn, Appl. Phys. B, 74, p.355 (2002)
One stage LPA
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

24. Experimental Setup : single shot measurement
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

25. Recent results on e-beam : Spatial quality improvements
5.0 x 1019cm-3
3.0 x 1019cm-3
2.0 x 1019cm-3
1.0 x 1019cm-3
7.5 x 1018cm-3
6.0 x 1018cm-3
Divergence = 6 mrad
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

26. Recent results on e-beam : From Mono to maxwellian spectra
Electron density scan
V. Malka, et al., PoP 2005
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

27. Energy distribution improvements:
The Bubble regime
Charge in [ ] MeV : (500 ±200) pC
PIC
Experiment
Divergence = 6 mrad
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

28. FLWF/BR : Beam charge improvement
Bubble regime
FLWF
DE/E=10%
500
Charge (pC)
Energy (MeV)
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

29. 14 Groups have now measured a quasi mono energetic e-beam
very hot topic !
14 Groups have now measured
a quasi mono energetic e-beam
50 pC
300 pC
RAL & LBNL
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

30. Applications and New Science
Medicine
X-rays:diffraction
g-rays:radiography
Material science
Radiotherapy
Proton-therapy
Radioisotopes PET
Radiobiology
New science on
“ultrashort phenomena”
Chemistry
Accelerator Physics
e beam, and p beam ?
and nuclear physics
High current
Radiolysis by ultra
short e or p beam
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

31. Particle beam in medicine : Radiotherapy
99% Radiotherapy with X ray
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

32. Radiation Therapy : context
Photon beams are commonly used for radiation therapy
Photon dose
Photon beam
Dose
tumor
tumor
Depth in tissue
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

33. Medical application : Radiotherapy
e beam
VHE ELECTRONS
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

34. VHE Radiation Therapy Reduced dose in save cells Deep traitement
Good lateral contrast
VHE
Dose
VHE dose
tumor
tumor
Depth in tissue
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

35. Monte Carlo simulation of the dose deposition in water
e beam
Electron gun : quasi-monoenergetic (170MeV) with 0.5nC and 10mrad divergence
Water target : 40cm x 4cm x 4cm divided in 100 pixels in all directions.
Simulation parameters : CutRange=100um and N0=105 electrons
In collaboration with DKFZ
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

36. Dose deposition profile in water
e beam
Glinec et al., Med. Phys. 33, 1 (2006)
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

37. Application: high resolution g-radiography
Advantages: low divergence, point-like electron source
In collaboration with L. Le-Dain, S. Darbon from CEA Mourainvilier and DAM
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

38. g-radiography results
Higher resolution: of the order of 400 mm
object
measured
calculated
In collaboration with L. Le-Dain, S. Darbon from CEA Mourainvilier and DAM
Y. Glinec et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., (2005)
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

39. Application for radiolysis :e-
H2O (e-s, OH., H2O2, H3O+, H2, H.)
Very important for:
Biology
Ionising radiations effects
In collaboration with Y. Gauduel ‘s group
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

40. radiolysis in the sub ps domain:
B. Brozek-Pluska, et al. Radiation and Chemistry, 72, (2005).
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

41. Applications : X rays source Laser based Synchrotron radiation
Accélérateur
E (GeV)
lu ~ cm
Laser
onduleur
Rayonnement X
100 m
Ce qu'on fait peut se comparer directement a un synchrotron.
Dans un synchrotron, on accelere des e- puis on les fait osciller dans un onduleur. ca fait des X.
Ici, c'est pareil sauf qu'on peut faire des periodes tres courtes et se contenter d'e- de plus faible energie.
On fait tout dans un plasma. Ce qui correspond a convertir un faisceau laser en un faisceau de RX et on peut multiplier la frequence par envirion !
3 mm
E (MeV)
lu ~ mm
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

42. A. Rousse et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 93, 135005(2004)
Principles of the Betatron radiation
Plasma accelerator
Acceleration field
~ TeV / meter
EL  200 MeV
q = K/g
r0 ~mm
X-ray beam:
109 ph/shot
20 mrad
femtosecond x
Helium
Plasma wiggler
lu ~ 100 mm
K ~ 20>1,wiggler
lu ~ 100 mm
Betatron oscillation
K ~ gr0/lbet.
A. Rousse et al., Phys. Rev. Lett 93, (2004)
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

43. The laser plasma accelerators status
Laser plasma acceleration has demonstrated
Energy gains of 1 MeV to 200 MeV
E-fields of 1 GV/m to 1000 GV/m
Good e-beam quality : Emittance < 3pmm.mrad
charge at high energy
Quasi monoenergetic
Very high peak current : 100 kA
Laser plasma accelerators advantages
Provide e-beam with new parameters : short
Provide e-beam with new parameters : high current
Provide e-beam with new parameters : Collimated
Compact and low cost ゝ ゝ ゝ ゝ ゝ ゝ ゝ
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

44. Perspectives Laser plasma accelerator: enhance stability
electron sources up to ≈ 1 GeV (nC, <1 ps):
Guiding or PW class laser systems
Single Stage (Pukhov, Mori) (200TW)
Generate a tunable e-beam
applications of these electron sources
Compact XFEL
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

45. PW class : GeV electron beams => XFEL= 20 m t 30 fs a 4 l . 8 P
200 TW n p 1 5 10 18 cm - 3
After 5 Zr / 7.5 mm
0.5 1
1.5 2
2.5
800
1200
1600
2000
Energy (MeV)
f(E) (a.u.)
* Gordienko et al, PoP 2005, UCLA& Golp groups
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

46. GeV acceleration in two-stages
Laser
Laser
Gas-Jet
Plasma channel
GeV
1 J
10 TW
30 fs
Nozzle TW
~50 fs
170±20 MeV
30 fs
10 mrad
Density profile rc Δn
Pulse guiding condition : Δn>1/πre rc2 n0
Weak nonlinear effects  more control : a0 ~ 1-2
High quality beams : Lb <λp  n0<1018 cm-3
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

47. V. Malka et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 47 (2005) B481–B490
GeV in low plasma density in plasma channel
n0= cm-3, 11 J TW
rc=40 μm, Δn=2 n0
L channel=4 cm
8 cm
12 cm 4 2 3 1
800
400
1200
dN/dE(a.u.)
Energy (MeV)
Electric field
Electron bunch
Electric field
Electron bunch
V. Malka et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion 47 (2005) B481–B490
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

48. 1% bandwidth for 1.2 GeV high quality e-beam
Ultra-short bunch
Electron bunch
Electric field x 2 4 6 8 10 12
0,5 1
1,5
E(GeV)
dN/dE
n0= cm-3, 10 J-0.16 PW Lchannel = 18 cm, Emittance : 0.01mm.mrad
V. Malka et al., to be published in NIM A
Applications: study of complex structures
(X-ray diffraction, EXAFS) But ps time scale ps
q ~ mrad
10cm

49. Extreme Light Infrastructure ELI
A science integrator that will bring many frontiers of contemporary physics, i.e. relativistic plasma physics, particle physics, nuclear physics, gravitational physics, nonlinear field theory, ultrahigh pressure physics, and cosmology together.
ELI will provide a new generation of compact accelerators delivering ultra short (fs-as) and energetic particle and radiation beams for European scientists. ELI will work in close contact with synchrotron X rays FEL community.
ELI will also be an Extreme Light technology platform ready to reduce to practice the latest invention and discovery in relativistic engineering
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

50. Extreme Light Infrastructure Exawatt Laser
Fundamental
Interaction
Ultra-Relativistic optics
Super hot plasma
Nuclear Physics
Astrophysics
General relativity
Ultra fast phenomena
NLQED
Secondary
Beam Sources
Electrons
Positron
ion
Muon
Neutrino
Neutrons
X rays
g rays
accelerators
Synchr. Xfel
Relativistic Engineering
Attosecond optics
Rel. Microelectronic
Rel. Microphotonic
Nuclear treatement
Nuclear pharmacology
Hadron therapy
Radiotherapy
Material science
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

51. Relativistics microelectronic devices
Courtesy of W. Mori & L. da Silva
Plasma cavity
100 mm
1 m
RF cavity
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

52. ELI’s strategy for accelerator physics
1PW >1Hz
10PW, 1 Hz
>100PW, 1Hz
GeV e-beam
.2 GeV p-beam
10 GeV e-beam
GeV p-beam
50 GeV e-beam
few GeV p-beam
Beam lines for users
e, p, X, g, etc…
synchroton & XFEL communities
Fundamental physics
Multi stage accelerator
Single stage accelerator
Accelerator community
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

53. Parameter designs Laser Plasma Accelerators
ELI : > 100 GeV
a0=4
P(PW)
τ (fs)
ne(cm-3)
W0 (μm)
L(m)
E(J)
Q(nC)
E(Gev)
0.12 30
2e18 15
0.009
3.6
1.3
1.12
1.2
100
2e17 47
0.28
120 4
11.2 12
300
2e16
150 9
3.6k 13
112
120
1000
2e15
470
280
120k 40
1120
Golp and UCLA Group
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

54. « conventional » technology Maximale Electrons Energy (MeV)
ELI
Electron beam energy and laser power evolution 10 6
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
Laser Power (W)
« conventional » technology 10 5
ELI 10 4
Maximale Electrons Energy (MeV)
103
*LLNL
LOA 
*LUND
102
RAL 
 LOA
*LLNL
UCLA
KEK 10
ILE ¤
UCLA
LULI   1
1930
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Years
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)

55. Towards an Integrated Scientific Project for European Researcher : ELI. .
ELI .
INFN, Frascati, March 7 (2006)