1. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Efficiency Issues in Model-Based Approaches to On-Board Diagnosis P.Torasso, C.Picardi and L. Console Dipartimento di Informatica- Universita’ di Torino Italy

2. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Autonomy and Diagnosis Onboard autonomy requires several components: planning and scheduling are very crucial Autonomy requires also the ability of detecting what is going wrong and reacting Diagnostic reasoning is an important step Usually several competing diagnostic hypotheses Need of informing the human operator about diagnostic conclusions? Need of informing other software components

3. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Knowledge-based approaches to diagnosis Develop a domain theory for the system to be diagnosed Logical/qualitative models Correct and/or faulty behavior Usually component oriented Reasoning mechanisms for prediction and post- diction In-depth understanding of diagnostic reasoning (theory of diagnosis)

4. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Challenges of On-board Diagnosis (I) Off-board diagnosis is an iterative process Available observations are used for making hypotheses about faults Model-based approaches to diagnosis are able to suggest probes Revision of the diagnostic hypotheses on the basis of new measurements Strong interaction with the human agent On-board diagnosis has different requirements

5. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Challenges of On-board Diagnosis (II) Observations provided just via sensors Strict time constraints for producing diagnostic conclusions Difficulty/impossibility of acquiring extra data Usually a large number of potential diagnoses Need of complex reasoning mechanisms, very expensive from a computational point of view Sometimes, on-board computation resources are limited

6. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Efficiency issues Decomposing static and time-varying aspects in diagnostic problem solving [Console et al., Ann.Math&AI, 94] [Williams&Nayak, AAAI96] [Struss et al., DX96] Exploiting observations for decomposing diagnostic problems [e.g. Darwiche IJCAI 99] Exploiting hierarchical models for focussing diagnostic reasoning [Mozetic, IJMMS 91], [Out et al., Ann.Math&AI 94, Renon, IJCAI01]

7. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Towards On-board Diagnosis At Università di Torino work on on-board diagnosis in the automotive sector: European projects VMBD and IDD for the automotive sector in the space sector ASI sponsored basic research project on “An Intelligent System for Supervising Autonomous Space Robots.” in co-operation with other Italian universities, CNR-IP

8. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” The compilation approach to on-board diagnosis (I) Developed inside VMBD project [Cascio et al. AI Comm 99, Console et al, IJCAI 01] Use of quite expressive qualitative models taking into account temporal and dynamic aspects of the system to be diagnosed Diagnostic reasoning on such models too expensive for on-board computing Off-line qualitative simulation of interesting diagnostic cases

9. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” The compilation approach to on-board diagnosis (II) Automatic learning of decision trees starting from diagnostic cases obtained via simulation and fault injection Use of the decision tree for on-board diagnosis ==> fast and small, suitable for current ECU The nodes of the decision tree contain measurements provided by sensors in different time points and leaves contain (repair) actions Discrimination among faults done as long as different actions can be done Discriminative power limited by lack of sensors

10. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Exploring diagnostic problem solving: the SPIDER case study Investigated within a ASI supported project [Portinale&Torasso ISAIRAS 99, IJCAI 99] A logical model relating behavioral modes of components of the SPIDER arm and contextual information with qualitative manifestations (based on FMECA documents available) Innovative diagnostic strategies based on the notion of “Variable assignment problems” Exploiting analogies with constraint satisfaction problem for a compact representations of a set of diagnoses (“scenario”)

11. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Diagnostic Agent Diagnosis as explanation of observations DT behavioral model of SPIDER (nominal and faulty modes) COMP the set of the components in SPIDER CXT ground atoms modeling contextual information OBS ground atoms representing observations

12. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Diagnostic Agent (II) For most diagnostic problems a large number of diagnoses Preference criterion: based on a measure related to MDL Preferred solutions involving OK mode for most components In many cases no sufficient information for discriminating among alternative (preferred) diagnoses

13. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” A diagnostic case where only qualitative measurements provided sensors are available

14. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Compact representation of multiple-fault diagnoses for the diagnostic case (only sensor data)

15. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” The same diagnostic case where all qualitative measurements are available

16. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” One multiple-fault diagnosis for the previous diagnostic case (all observations are available)

17. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Discriminability among diagnoses Goal: Formalize the notion that two diagnoses cannot be discriminated using a given type of measurements Classes of observations: sensorized vs not sensorized In SPIDER domain several classes:joint positions, temperature sensors, observations under human control

18. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Discriminability among diagnoses (II) Single out the behavioral modes of the components which cannot be discriminated using a class of manifestations Independent on the specific diagnostic problem at hand

19. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Finding indistinguishable behavioral modes Injecting fault bm r (and bm s ) for component C i Evaluate the transitive closure for all possible contexts Check if any difference is observable with meaurements in class CL j

20. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Automatic generation of abstract models If diagnostic problem DP involves just manifestations of class i, some faults may be indistinguishable ==> Generation of alternative diagnoses that cannot be discriminated Computation time is consumed Human or artificial supervisor may be confused Proposed solution: automatic generation of abstract models where indistinguishable modes are collapsed

21. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Automatic generation of abstract models (II) A simplied form of the algorithm for: collapsing behavioral modes revising domain theory

22. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Automatic generation of abstract models (III) Off-line: generate an abstract model for each class of measurements (if there are indistinguishable modes) On-line: for each diagnostic problem DP, select (from the model library) the model which fits available measurements Benefits: saving in computation time reduction in the number of diagnoses (if bm r and bm s for component C i are indistinguishable instead of two diagnoses just one involving bm r+s ) no loss of information

23. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Abstract models and abstraction of manifestations

24. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” using the abstract model just single fault diagnoses

25. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Without abstract model, generation of multiple faults diagnoses with very low plausibility

26. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Conclusions (I) On-board diagnosis is an interesting and challenging problem Need of multiple approaches: efficient diagnostic strategies partitioning the diagnostic problem compilation techniques automatic generation of abstract models if modes are indistinguishable taking recovery into consideration

27. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Conclusions (II) Interesting results obtained in the automotive sector compilation techniques allow to put on-board diagnostic procedures which are automatically generated starting from a model of the artifact diagnosability is an important aspect

28. October 17-19, 2001ESA Workshop “On-Board Autonomy” Conclusions (III) Efficiency is just one aspect How to involve the human supervisor in the loop? ==> Interactive autonomy How to make the result of the diagnostic agent understandable to the human supervisor? Some work in: compact graphical representation of diagnoses preference criteria among diagnoses informing the supervisor about the impossibility of discriminating among diagnoses