2. Amaze Astonish Move the Emotions

3. (monody = 17th-c. Italian solo song)

4. Florence, Italy

5. A. Florentine Camerata: Florence, 1570s B. Host: Giovanni de’ Bardi C. Theorist: Vincenzo Galilei Dialogue on Ancient and Modern Music D. Composers: Jacopo Peri & Giulio Caccini E. The Music of the Florentine Camerata: Caccini’s Monody vs. Peri’s Solution: Music should resemble oration; heightened speech Complaint: Music ( esp. polyphony ) does not touch the emotions Euridice (1600-01) (monody = 17th-c. Italian solo song)

6. Caccini’s Monody: vs. Peri’s Monody: Has oratorical elements, ( length, accent, elision ), yet preserves songlike/musical qualities Stresses speechlike qualities

7. A.Recitative (speechlike) vs. Aria (songlike) (late Baroque, by 1700 ) Rhyme: Rhymed or Unrhymed? Performing Forces? Presentation of text: Rapid or Slow? Melodic character: interesting, memorable contour or speechlike repeated notes? Meter: Regular and obvious or Irregular/obscure

8. A. Recitative vs. Aria (late Baroque, by 1700 ) B. Stile Rappresentativo (early Baroque, 1600-50 ) C.The “Problem” with Opera: Verisimilitude (“Realistic-ness”) vs. Musical Satisfaction Stile rappresentativo________Arioso_________________Aria (speechlike) (songlike)

9. A. Opera Defined B. Conventions of Early Opera Drama: acted, scenery etc. Sung throughout

15. A. Opera Defined B. Conventions of Early Opera C. Monteverdi’s Compositions D. Monteverdi’s Orfeo (1607) 1. Monteverdi’s Solution to the Verisimilitude Problem 2. A Sample Scene: “Tu se’ morte” (You are dead)

16. Arias (memorable melodies) 1. Monteverdi’s Solution to the Verisimilitude Problem

17. Instrumental Music 1. Monteverdi’s Solution to the Verisimilitude Problem

18. -Old-fashioned madrigals -Dance 1. Monteverdi’s Solution to the Verisimilitude Problem

19. Duets 1. Monteverdi’s Solution to the Verisimilitude Problem

20. Vocal Virtuosity 1. Monteverdi’s Solution to the Verisimilitude Problem

23. Tu se' morta, mia vita, ed io respiro? Tu se da me partita Per mai più non tornare, ed io rimango? No, che se i versi alcuna cosa ponno, N'andrò sicuro a'più, profundi abissi E, intenerito il cor del re de l'ombre, Meco trarrotti a reverder le stelle; O, se ciò negherammi empio destino, Rimmarrò teco in compagnia di morte. Addio terra, addio cielo e sole, addio! You are dead, my life, but I still breathe? You have left me Never to return yet I remain? No, if my verses possess any power, I shall go undaunted into the deep abyss And having softened the heart of the king of Hades, Will transport you to again see the stars. O, if cruel destiny works against me, I will remain with you in the company of death. Farewell earth, farewell heaven & sun, farewell!