1. Modeling the chemical evolution of galaxies Mercedes Mollá CIEMAT La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

2. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them Las funciones del Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear son las de evaluación y control de la seguridad de las instalaciones, en todas y en cada una de las etapas en la vida de una central (diseño, construcción, pruebas, operación y clausura). Controla y vigila los niveles de radiactividad dentro y fuera de las instalaciones, tanto nucleares como radiactivas, y vela por la protección radiológica de las personas y el medio ambiente. Trabajando en el CSN…evaluando centrales nucleares….y cuidando niños! Angeles y mis inicios en Astronomía

3. Chemical elements are created and then:  Ejected and diluted in the interstellar medium  Incorporated to the sucessive generations of stars Elemental abundances give clues about star formation: when, how, with which rate stars form Phases: –to understand processes, –to predict elemental abundances, –to compare with data From elemental abundances we may deduce the evolutionary histories of galaxies GCE tries to explain how and when the elements appear Galaxies Chemical Evolution Aim La Cristalera, Abril 2015

4. Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them A)Tinsley 1981: El modelo simple Model predictions: 1.Abundance proportional to the total yield of one stellar generation 2.This relation abundance-yield is independent of the star formation history or the star formation rate 1)The system will have 2 types of stars  those with mass m>m 1 with t  0 dying when form  those with m< m 1 and t= 2) The system is closed f=0 3) Metals are instantaneously mixed with the ISM If  Model problems: 1.The G-dwarf metallicity distribution is not reproduced 2.The relation not sufficient to obtain the observed radial gradient of abundances

5. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them A)Tinsley 1981: El modelo simple Model predictions: 1.Abundance proportional to the total yield of one stellar generation 2.This relation abundance-yield is independent of the star formation history or the star formation rate 1)The system will have 2 types of stars  those with mass m>m 1 with t  0 dying when form  those with m< m 1 and t= 2) The system is closed f=0 3) Metals are instantaneously mixed with the ISM If  Model problems: 1.The G-dwarf metallicity distribution is not reproduced 2.The relation not sufficient to obtain the observed radial gradient of abundances El modelo simple no vale

6. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them A)Tinsley 1981: El modelo simple Model predictions: 1.Abundance proportional to the total yield of one stellar generation 2.This relation abundance-yield is independent of the star formation history or the star formation rate 1)The system will have 2 types of stars  those with mass m>m 1 with t  0 dying when form  those with m< m 1 and t= 2) The system is closed f=0 3) Metals are instantaneously mixed with the ISM If  Model problems: 1.The G-dwarf metallicity distribution is not reproduced 2.The relation not sufficient to obtain the observed radial gradient of abundances El modelo simple no vale Posible solutions: 1.Infall of enriched (or not) gas 2.Metallicity dependent yields 3.Radial flows which dilute or enrich the gas of the region 4.Star formation law which varies with the radial disc

7. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them A) Tinsley 1981 B) Modelo de evolución química de Angeles y Mónica 1) Díaz & Tosi, 1984 2) Tosi & Díaz, 1985 3) Díaz & Tosi, 1986 4) Tosi & Díaz, 1990 El modelo simple no vale Las abundancias relativas de elementos nos sirven de “reloj” Low mass stars produce He and C12 Intermediate mass stars produce C,N and O Massive stars produce O,Ne,Mg,S..,N, and Fe Binary Systems, SNIa Fe Cycle pp: low mass stars m 8Mo The meanlifetimes of different stars explain the relative abundances of elements

8. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them A) Tinsley 1981 B) Modelo de evolución química de Angeles y Mónica 1) Díaz & Tosi, 1984 2) Tosi & Díaz, 1985 3) Díaz & Tosi, 1986 4) Tosi & Díaz, 1990 El modelo simple no vale Las abundancias relativas de elementos nos sirven de “reloj” Los gradientes de abundancia, relación con la formación de los discos

9. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them A) Tinsley 1981 B) Modelo de evolución química de Angeles y Mónica 1) Díaz & Tosi, 1984 2) Tosi & Díaz, 1985 3) Díaz & Tosi, 1986 4) Tosi & Díaz, 1990 El modelo simple no vale Las abundancias relativas de elementos nos sirven de “reloj” Los gradientes de abundancia, relación con la formación de los discos El H 2 es realmente de donde se forman las estrellas

10. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them Mollá et al. (1992) La evolución temporal del gradiente de abundancias: El gradiente se va creando con el tiempo La evolución temporal del gradiente de abundancias: El gradiente se va aplanando con el tiempo Ferrini et al. (1994)

11. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them Mollá et al. (1992) La evolución temporal del gradiente de abundancias: El gradiente se va creando con el tiempo La evolución temporal del gradiente de abundancias: El gradiente se va aplanando con el tiempo Ferrini et al. (1994) En el modelo D&T, el disco está formado desde el t=0 y el infall de Z=0 solo diluye lo que se crea en el disco En el caso de Ferrini et al, el infall forma el disco a medidad que cae de manera que el material del que han de formarse las estrellas va apareciendo poco a poco

12. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them In the MWG we had some data from objects of different age to compare the radial gradients at other times: Planetary Nebulae from different mass stars Open Clusters of different ages Globular Clusters of old ages Large uncertainties in the determination of mass, or age DATA IN THE MWG

13. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them This variation of the radial gradient also occurs in other spiral galaxies. The rate of flattening depends on the type or size of the galaxy: A bright-early-massive spiral galaxy shows a flat gradient which evolved very rapidly; A low mass-late galaxy maintains a steep gradient for a longer time THE TIME EVOLUTION OF THE RADIAL GRADIENT IN OTHER SPIRAL GALAXIES

14. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them THE GRID OF MODELS FROM MOLLÁ & DÍAZ (2005) Mollá & Díaz (2005): a grid of chemical evolution models depending on the galaxy total mass and on the efficiency of star formation rate Radial distributions of mass calculated from the Universal Rotation Curve from Persic, Salucci & Steel (1996) Efficiencies to form molecular gas and stars changed simultaneously: each N defined a set (  ,  H ) A by-parametric grid of 44 radial mass distributions, defined by the rotation velocity, (Vrot 30 to 300 km/s) and 10 values of N (  ,  H in the range [0,1]), were calculated, with the corresponding radial distributions of abundances, stars and gas densities and star formation rates. Results (radial distributions of gas, abundances, star formation...), and the time evolution of each radial region, were given as a function of the total mass of the galaxy for different values of efficiencies to form molecular cloud and stars

15. The total mass M of each modeled galaxy and its radial distribution M(R) have been computed from the universal rotation curve V(R) from Persic, Salucci & Steel (1996) Ingredients of the multiphase chemical evolution model: the scenario (Mollá & Díaz 2005) La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

16. t col a M -1/2 Ingredients : The infall rate The gas collapses onto the equatorial plane and forms out the disc Infall rate  1/ t col calibration with the MWG  col = f(Mgal) --- calibration with the MWG Since  mass =f(R ),  (R ) t col = t col,0 exp(R/ l ) La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

17. Star formation in the halo: SFR  g 1.5 In the disc molecular clouds form from the diffuse gas c  g 1.5 Stars form through cloud-cloud collisions: s  c 2 Stars also form from the interaction between massive stars and molecular clouds: s  a c s 2  Every parameter changes along the galactocentric radius:  K =  K (G/V) 1/2   =   (G/Vd) 1/2  H =  H cte /Vd  a =  a (G  c ) 1/2 /  The efficiency  a is a local parameter  The efficiency  K is assumed as constant for all halos  Efficiencies    y  H are variable for each galaxy Inputs of the multiphase chemical evolution model: The star formation law La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

18.  Every parameter changes along the galactocentric radius:  K =  K (G/V) 1/2   =   (G/Vd) 1/2  H =  H cte /Vd  a =  a (G  c ) 1/2 /   col =  col,0 exp(R/ )  The efficiency  a does not change with R since it is a local process  The efficiency  K is assumed as constant for all halos  Efficiencies    y  H are variable for each galaxy  The collapse time scale depends on the total mass of the gaaxy We vary only 2 “parameters”, total mass and T From data of molecular and diffuse gas masses in galaxies (Young et al. 1996), we found that efficiencies to form molecular clouds and stars depend on morphological type of galaxies. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

19. 12345678910 Vrot0.950.8 0 0.75 130 240 348DDO 154 … 1071 … 1899M33 … --- 28200MWG … 39291M31 … 43 44387 Low surface brightness Galaxies Low mass galaxies Starbursts Normal spirals BCD & HII Gal. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

20. Calibration: the model against the Solar Vicinity data The age-metallicity relation and the star formation history for the solar region The metallicity distribution does not show the G-dwarf problem Gavilán et al. 2005, 2006 La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

21.  We can obtain separately the radial distributions of diffuse and molecular gas  The radial gradients flattens in the inner disk in agreement with data (Smartt et al. 2001)  The star formation rate surface density is underestimated in the inner radii Calibration: the model for MWG (Gavilán et al. 2005, 2006) The model: Vrot=200 km/s and N=4 against the Galactic disk data and model La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

22. Evolution of disks along redshift The generic form of molecular gas radial distributions found by Nishiyama et al. (2001) La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

23. Evolution of disks along redshift Martin & Kennicutt 2001, H  fluxes vs R La Cristalera, Abril 2015

24. The N/O vs O/H In the disk, the most evolved region (magenta line) has an evolutionary track which is different than the one from the outer less evolved disk regions (green line) A dispersion will appears with different SFR efficiencies In the halo all tracks are similar with a flat behaviour, falling over data La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

25. The present day abundances distribution in the plane N/O vs O/H compared with data from Galactic and extragalactic HII regions Using this grid of models, we have obtained these results in the plane N/O vs O/H for the whole set of models and all computed time steps (Mollá et al. 2006). Nitrogen over Oxygen La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

26. Evolution of disks along redshift or time La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

28. Flat radial gradients for low evolved galaxies, and for the most evolved galaxies The inner radial distributions flatten compared with the discs The evolution of the abundance radial distributions along z Our models show a maximum oxygen abundance 12+log(O/H)~8.9- 9.0 (Pilyugin et al) There is also a minimum abundance La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

29. The time evolution of the radial gradient of oxygen abundances La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Mollá 2014 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

30. 12345678910 Vrot0.950.8 0 0.75 130 240 348DDO 154 … 1071 … 1899M33 … --- 28200MWG … 39291M31 … 43 44387 Low surface brightness Galaxies Low mass galaxies Starbursts Normal spirals BCD & HII Gal. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

31. From the evolutionary histories and using evolutionary synthesis models, we obtained the spectral energy distributions, magnitudes and colors, brightness profiles and spectral absorption lines along the galactocentric radius for every galaxy model. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them EVOLUTIONARY SYNTHESIS MODELS

32. Boselli(2003) SEDs and colors for our galaxy models: Buzzoni (2005) La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

33. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

34. SUMMARY OF MODELS GRID  We have used the universal rotation curve from Persic, Salucci & Steel (1996) to calculate radial mass distribucions M (R)  We have computed the collapse time scale for each distribution from the relation  col,gal /  col,MWG = (M MWG /M gal ) 0.5  We have found analytical expressions for   (T) y  h (T)  We compute models for 44 radial mass distributions, and 10 different values of eficiencies (  ,     between 0 and 1, as it corresponds to their probability meaning, for each one = 440 different models  The results of this bi-parametric grid can be applied to any spiral or irregular galaxy of given rotation velocity or total mass in order to estimate its evolution La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

35. . HOWEVER Although the radial gradient of abundances is well reproduced in the models, our results depend on the fitting of gas stars and star formation profiles…..and the molecular gas and the star formation rate show radial distributions decreasing in the inner disk, at variance of observed. They are not well tuned compared with observations It seems that we need a slower evolution… WE NEED BETTER MODELS La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

36.  We can obtain separately the radial distributions of diffuse and molecular gas  The radial gradients flattens in the inner disk in agreement with data (Smartt et al. 2001)  The star formation rate surface density is underestimated in the inner radii Calibration: the model for MWG (Gavilán et al. 2005, 2006) The model: Vrot=200 km/s and N=4 against the Galactic disk data and model La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

37. Radial distributions computed following equations from Salucci et al. (2007) defined in terms of Mvir and arriving to longer distances along the galactocentric radius Collapse time-scale  modified to follow the prescriptions from Shankar et al. (2006) about the observed ratio Mdisk/Mhalo New grid of models: 75 radial mass distributions, –Mvir ∈ [5 10 10 -10 13 ] Msun –Mdisk ∈ [1.25 10 8 -5.3 10 11 ] Msun –Vrot ∈ [42-320] km/s Radial dependence  (R) smoother than the old one. Efficiencies  M and  H selected independently: 10 values in the range [0--1] Revision of new set of stellar yields and different IMFs New grid of models: updating the inputs and assumptions La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

38. The total mass M of each modeled galaxy and its radial distribution M(R) have been computed from the universal rotation curve V(R) from Salucci (2007) Ingredients of the multiphase chemical evolution model: the scenario La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

39.  col   Ingredients : The infall rate The gas collapses onto the equatorial plane and forms out the disc Infall rate  1/  col calibration with the MWG  col = f(Mgal) --- calibration with the MWG Since  mass =f(R ),  (R ), following Shankar et al. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

40. The total mass M of each modeled galaxy and its radial distribution M(R) have been computed from the universal rotation curve V(R) from Salucci (2007) Ingredients of the multiphase chemical evolution model: the scenario La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

41. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them THE INFALL RATE HISTORY IN MOLLA + 2015

42. The Solar Vicinity: SFR and enrichment histories The MWG model: Ndis=68, Mdyn=10 12 M 0 Mdisk=6.510 10 M 0 Ropt=12 kpc Radial Region 8 kpc N(  M )=4, N(  H )=5 La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

43. The MWG model: Ndis=68, Mdyn=10 12 M 0 Mdisk=6.510 10 M 0 Ropt=12 kpc N(  M )=4, N(  H )=5 Calibration of the MWG La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

44. The evolution of the SF efficiency measured as SFR/MH2 along the redshift La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

45. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

46. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them THE GRID OF MODELS FROM MOLLÁ ET AL (2015) The evolution of the radial gradient is smoother than in MD05

47. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

48. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them Molla & Díaz 2005

49. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

50. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them Molla & Díaz 2005

51. The radial gradients for the same  M and  H and different Mvir models, when measured with normalized distances, are equivalent By observing different radial gradients with a normalized radial scale we may distinguish different efficiencies to form molecular clouds or stars in galaxies La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them

52. La Cristalera, Abril 2015 Stars, interstellar medium, galaxies, and the chemistry between them APRENDI CON ANGELES MUCHA ASTRONOMIA….Y MUCHAS OTRAS COSAS TRABAJAR CON ANGELES HA SIDO UN PLACER…Y ESPERO QUE LO MANTENGAMOS EN EL FUTURO GRACIAS A SU CONFIANZA EN MI, MI VIDA DIÓ UN VUELCO Y ES LO QUE ES AHORA… MIL GRACIAS, Y MUCHAS FELICIDADES, ÁNGELES!!!

53.  Cycle pp: low mass stars m<4Mo  Cycle pp+CNO: intermediate mass stars 4Mo< m < 8Mo  Cycle CNO+ capture  : massive stars m > 8Mo Production of nuclei in stars: Stellar yields Low mass stars produce He and C12 Intermediate mass stars produce C,N and O Massive stars produce O,Ne,Mg,S..,N, and Fe Binary Systems, SNIa Fe Burbidge, Burbidge & Hoyle 1957

54. f= flux of inflow gas (iy may be 0 ) M= total mass of the system  SFR (star formation rate E= mass ejection rate by the stars Ms=stellar mass Mg= gas mass Each star loss mass after its stellar lifetime  m, after this there is a remnant  m, and tehrefore the total ejection by all stars created in a region is: Ejected mass by a star of mass m Mass of stars created in the time (t-  m) which are now dying and ejecting mass after a time  m Initial mass function or number of stars in the range dm The basic equations

55. The total yield of a stellar generation The abundance of metals may be obtained fron this equation, which implies: p z,m is the metal fraction ejected by a star of mass m p z,m is the metal fraction ejected by a star of mass m 1)Z  metals which dissapear from the gas when stars form 2)Zf f mass of metals which going in to the region when the gas infall 3) Zw w is the mass of metals which dissapears with the outflow of gas 4) Ez quantity of metals ejected by stars The first part is the yield or metals newly created The second one correspond to the metals which were before, in the original gas with which the star form

56. Metal Enrichment from Hydrodynamical Simulations.El Escorial. 2010 Sept. Data of molecular and diffuse gas mass from Young et al (1996), show that efficiencies to form molecular clouds and stars depend on morphological type of galaxies

57. IMF & stellar yields: no effect on the radial gradient of abundances, only variations on the absolute values of abundances La Cristalera, Abril 2015