1. Electron Configurations
5.2
Electron Configurations
Electron Configurations
What are the three rules for writing the electron configurations of elements?

2. Electron Configurations
5.2
Electron Configurations
The ways in which electrons are arranged in various orbitals around the nuclei of atoms are called electron configurations.
Three rules—the aufbau principle, the Pauli exclusion principle, and Hund’s rule—tell you how to find the electron configurations of atoms.

3. Electron Configurations
5.2
Electron Configurations
Aufbau Principle – Electrons are Lazy!
According to the aufbau principle, electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first. In the aufbau diagram below, each box represents an atomic orbital.
This aufbau diagram shows the energy levels of the various atomic orbitals. Orbitals of greater energy are higher on the diagram. Using Tables Which is of higher energy, a 4d or a 5s orbital?

4. Electron Configurations
5.2
Electron Configurations
Pauli Exclusion Principle – Opposites Attract
According to the Pauli exclusion principle, an atomic orbital may contain at most two electrons. To occupy the same orbital, two electrons must have opposite spins, denoted by up and down arrows.

5. Electron Configurations
5.2
Electron Configurations
Hund’s Rule – Electrons prefer to be single.
Hund’s rule states that electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number of electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible, before they pair with opposite spin electrons.

6. Electron Configurations
5.2
Electron Configurations
Orbital Filling Diagram

8. for Conceptual Problem 1.1

9. Exceptional Electron Configurations
5.2
Exceptional Electron Configurations
Exceptional Electron Configurations
Why do actual electron configurations for some elements differ from those assigned using the aufbau principle?

10. Exceptional Electron Configurations
5.2
Exceptional Electron Configurations
Some actual electron configurations differ from those assigned using the aufbau principle because half-filled sublevels are not as stable as filled sublevels, but they are more stable than other configurations.

11. Exceptional Electron Configurations
5.2
Exceptional Electron Configurations
Exceptions to the aufbau principle are due to subtle electron-electron interactions in orbitals with very similar energies.
Copper has an electron configuration that is an exception to the aufbau principle.
Copper is a good conductor of electricity and is commonly used in electrical wiring.

12. 5.2 Section Quiz.
1. Identify the element that corresponds to the following electron configuration: 1s22s22p5. F Cl Ne O

13. 5.2 Section Quiz.
2. Write the electron configuration for the atom N.
1s22s22p5
1s22s22p3
1s22s1p2
1s22s22p1

14. the lowest energy level is completely filled.
5.2 Section Quiz.
3. The electron configurations for some elements differ from those predicted by the aufbau principle because the
the lowest energy level is completely filled.
none of the energy levels are completely filled.
half-filled sublevels are less stable than filled energy levels.
half-filled sublevels are more stable than some other arrangements. `

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