1. Prepared by Upendo Njabili Chapter one Thinking in Printing: The use of research, public and private BOOK: The Craft of Research by Wayne C.Booth Gregory G. Colomb Joseph M. Wiliams Upendo E. Njabili

2. Prepared by Upendo Njabili Why do Research What is Research? -Is simply gathering the information you need to answer a question and thereby help you solve a problem. Example Problem: You hear of a new disease. Research:You go to the Library to look for the information -We are researching every day Research can be done anywhere/Every day at any time (Research goes on in laboratories, in libraries, in outer space, on ocean etc.

3. Prepared by Upendo Njabili The value of research -offers the pleasure of solving a puzzle, -The satisfaction of discovering something new, Something no one knows, -ultimately contributing to the wealth of human knowledge. -If well done will change the world Research determines what we believe -only if it’s been done carefully and reported accurately -free from mistake, ugly and dangerous ideas -free from those who would control our beliefs and our lives Believe such as do you believe in Venus? Australia???

4. Prepared by Upendo Njabili Why write it up? -Write to Remember -Write to Understand -Write to Gain Perspective

5. Prepared by Upendo Njabili Write to Remember Not to forget or misremember -The first reason to write down what you find is just to remember it. -Most of people can gather information by recording it. -Most of us get lost when we fill our heads with new facts and arguments. -Most of us can answer hard questions with the help of writing by listing sources, assembling research summaries, keeping notes and so on. Write from the beginning of your projects -Write from the beginning of the research/project to its end so that you will better understand what you find and retain it longer. -Because what you don’t write down, you are likely to forget or misremember.

6. Prepared by Upendo Njabili Write to Understand To see more clearly the relationships among our ideas. -A second reason we write to see more clearly the relationships among our ideas. -when you arrange and rearrange the result of your research in a new way, you see new connections and contrast, complications and implications you might otherwise have missed. Writing induce thinking - Not just by helping you understand what your leaning, but by helping you see in it larger patterns of meaning and significance.

7. Prepared by Upendo Njabili Write to Gain Perspective Brighter, Less flattering -A third reason we write is that once we get our thoughts out of our heads and onto paper, we see them in a clearer light, one that is always brighter and usually less flattering. -You improve your thinking when you encourage it with notes, outlines, summaries and so on. Note: -To think better, remember more and see more clearly. -The better we write, the more critically we can read.

8. Prepared by Upendo Njabili Why turn it into a formal Paper Why Formal? Why not my own language and form? -It threatens your identity? No it gives you more ways of thinking. -In short, we write so that we can think better, remember more, and see more clearly. -The better we write, the more critically we read, think and understand. Formal Paper -In a research writing for others is more demanding than writing for yourself. -To make your work easily accessible to your community. -It can reveal a flaw, a blunder, a missed opportunity. -A joint venture with your readers to create new knowledge.

9. Prepared by Upendo Njabili -You invariably understand your own ideas better when you write to make them accessible to others, arranging your findings in a ways that help readers see explicitly -how you evaluated your evidence -how you related one idea to another -how you anticipated their questions and concerns -All researchers recall a moment when writing for readers revealed a flaw, a blunder, a missed opportunity that escaped them in a first draft. -Once you learn the standard forms, you will read more thoughtfully the research reports of others, understand better what your community expects of them, and be able to critique those demands more thoughtfully

10. Prepared by Upendo Njabili -Writing a research paper is, finally, just thinking in print. It gives you ideas the attention they deserve. Written out, your ideas are out there disentangled from your memories, opinions and wishes, ready to explored, expand, combined and understood more fully, because your cooperating with your readers in a joint venture to create new knowledge. -Thinking in written form can be more careful, more sustained, more complete, more well-rounded, more attuned to those with different views, more thoughtful than almost any other kind of thinking.

11. Prepared by Upendo Njabili CONCLUSION -Research is hard work, but like any challenging job well done, both the process and the results bring immense personal satisfaction. -Research is not the sort of thing one learns once and for all. -As the complex as that process is, though, we will work through it step by step, so that you can move forward confidently, even as you confront the inevitable difficulties and confusions that every researcher experience but eventually learns to manage.

12. Prepared by Upendo Njabili Thanks for your attention