1. The History of English Most of the major work that has been done on the history of the English language was done by 19 th Century scholars. By studying manuscripts from different time periods, and comparing the symbols used within the language—and across languages from the same time period—they were able to provide a reasonable reconstruction and explanation for developments in the language

2. Proto-German Stage English’s roots begin with Proto-Indo-European. Because of some shifts within one of the dialects of Proto-IE, Proto-Germanic language developed Grimm's Law, developed by German Philogist Jakob Grimm, explains the changes between the Germanic Language family and other Indo- European Language families.

3. Grimm’s Law Proto-IE:b h d h g h b d g p t k          Proto-Ger:b d g p t k f Ө x/h P-IESanskritLatinEnglish p,tpitar-paterfather p,dpad-ped-foot ttrayastrēsthree ddva-duotwo

4. Stages in English Development Pre-English ??? –450 C. E. Old English 450—1066 C. E. Middle English1066—1450 C. E Modern English1450—present Early Modern1450—1700 C. E. Modern1750—present

5. Old English Phonological [f] & [v] are allophones /hr/ and /wl/ common sound sequences Syntax Highly Inflected: gender, tense, and grammatical role SVO sentence order; however, since grammatical role was marked, often topicalization occurs Lexicon Mostly Germanic stock, some Latin influences, but very little Celtic influence

6. OE Grapholect

7. Remnants of OE in Modern English NounsAdjPronouns mannnorðanic wiflytel me toþ twa we us VerbsPrep/Conjge eom oferhe feallan wiðhis sprecanondhim ærhiere hit

8. OE Inflections MasculineFeminineNeuter nom.se cyningseo guðþæt sweord gen.þæs cyningesþære guðeþæs sweordes dat.þæm cyningeþære guðeþæm sweorde acc.þone cyningþa guðeþæt sweord Plurals nom.þa cyningasþa guðasþa sweordas gen.þara cyningaþara guðaþara sweorda dat.þæm cyningum þæm guðumþæm sweordum acc.þa cyningasþa guðasþa sweordas

9. Northern Germanic Influence on OE Inflectional morphemes start to drop, facilitating communication between the two language speaking groups “Th-” plural pronouns they, them, their More vestiges in Scots English and N. Dialects, work as dialect markers of these varieties of English

10. Middle English Class-based division in language use Aristocracy –French (maybe a bit of English) Tradesmen and Servants –English and French Peasants –English, touch of French Clergy and “Scholars” –Latin, English, and French Results in a system of class-based synonyms Englishox,pig,sheep Frenchbeef,pork,mutton Also gain a large number of Latinate words into lexicon: government, crown, prince, nations, judge, crime, sue, attorney, miracle, religion, money, royal, society

11. Middle English Gain [ž] and [f] & [v] become distinct phonemes Majority of inflections drop out of language Causes “regular” and “irregular” words The feminine pronoun “she” mysteriously appears and gain wide usage Many OE afixes become unproductive Prefixes: for-, with-; Suffixes: -th, lock, -red, -ship The grapholect takes on modern appearance pronunciation of consonants

12. Modern English Between 1400 and 1600, English goes through the great vowel shift. No one is sure why.

13. Modern English Lose the 2 nd person singular pronouns Replaced with 2 nd person plural pronouns For a while “thou,thee, thy, thine” are used as familiarity markers, but eventually are dropped out of common usage completely Rigid syntactic order is established Colonialism leads to English having one of the most expansive lexicon among world languages

14. Varieties of Global English English becomes a Global Language Second most widely spoken language in world Of L1 speakers, it comes in 4 th Language of choice for international business, science, technology, and air traffic control Key lingua franca, language of greater communication, and official state language in many former European colonies Growing mutual unintelligibility of English varieties Growing variety of languages used in trade, business, technology, politics in 1996, 80% of web users L1 was English; in 2005, 30%