1. Predictive Evaluation Simple models of human performance

2. Recap I. Senses A. Sight B. Sound C. Touch D. Smell II. Information processing A. Perceptual B. Cognitive 1. Memory a. Short term b. Medium term c. Long term 2. Processes a. Selective attention b. Learning c. Problem solving d. Language III. Motor system A. Hand movement B. Workstation Layout

3. Simple User Models Idea: If we can build a model of how a user works, then we can predict how s/he will interact with the interface Predictive model  predictive evaluation No mock-ups or prototypes!

4. Two Types of User Modeling Stimulus-Response Hick’s law Practice law Fitt’s law Cognitive – human as interpreter/predictor – based on Model Human Processor (MHP) Key-stroke Level Model Low-level, simple GOMS (and similar) Models Higher-level (Goals, Operations, Methods, Selections) Not discussed here

5. Power law of practice T n = T 1 n -a T n to complete the nth trial is T 1 on the first trial times n to the power -a; a is about.4, between.2 and.6 Skilled behavior - Stimulus-Response and routine cognitive actions Typing speed improvement Learning to use mouse Pushing buttons in response to stimuli NOT learning

6. Power Law: T n = T 1 n -a If first trial (T 1 ) takes 5 seconds, how long will future trials take? When will improvements level off? (a = -0.4)

7. Uses for Power Law of Practice Use measured time T 1 on trial 1 to predict whether time with practice will meet usability criteria, after a reasonable number of trials How many trials are reasonable? Predict how many practices will be needed for user to meet usability criteria Determine if usability criteria is realistic

8. Hick’s law Decision time to choose among n equally likely alternatives T = I c log 2 (n+1) I c ~ 150 msec How can we use this? Explanation on how to calculate base 2 logs: http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/view/55613.html

9. Uses for Hick’s Law Menu selection Which will be faster as way to choose from 64 choices? Go figure: Single menu of 64 items Two-level menu of 8 choices at each level Two-level menu of 4 and then 16 choices Two-level menu of 16 and then 4 choices Three-level menu of 4 choices at each level Binary menu with 6 levels

10. Fitts’ Law Models movement times for selection (reaching) tasks in one dimension Basic idea: Movement time for a selection task Increases as distance to target increases Decreases as size of target increases

11. Original Experiment 1-D dw

12. Components ID - Index of difficulty larger target => more information (less uncertainty) ID = log 2 (d/w + 1.0) bits result width (tolerance) of target distance to move

13. Components MT - Movement time MT is a linear function of ID k 1 and k 2 are experimental constants MT = k 1 + k 2 *ID MT = k 1 + k 2 *log 2 (d/w + 1.0)

14. Exact Equation Run empirical tests to determine k 1 and k 2 in MT = k 1 + k 2 * ID Will get different ones for different input devices and device uses MT ID = log 2 (d/w = 1.0)

15. Questions What do you do in 2D? h x l rect: one way is ID = log 2 (d/min(w, l) + 1) Should take into account direction of approach

16. Uses for Fitt’s Law Menu item size Icon size Scroll bar target size and placement Up / down scroll arrows together or at top and bottom of scroll bar Example: what would Fitt’s say about multi- level menus? What about pop-up menus?

17. Keystroke-Level Model (KSLM) KSLM - developed by Card, Moran & Newell, see their book* and CACM * The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction, Card, Moran and Newell, Erlbaum, 1983 Skilled users performing routine tasks Assigns times to basic human operations - experimentally verified Based on MHP - Model Human Processor

18. KSLM Accounts for Keystroking T K Mouse button pressT B Pointing (typically with mouse) T P Hand movement between keyboard and mouse T H Drawing straight line segments T D “Mental preparation” T M System Response time T R

19. Using KSLM - Step One Decompose task into sequence of operations - K, B, P, H, D (no M operators yet; R can be used always or not at all)

20. Step One : MS Word Find Command Use Find Command to locate a six character word H (Home on mouse) P (Edit) B (click on mouse button - press/release) P (Find) B (click on mouse button) H (Home on keyboard) 6K (Type six characters into Find dialogue box) K (Return key on dialogue box starts the find)

21. Using KSLM - Step Two Place M operators Rule 0a. In front of all K’s that are NOT part of argument strings (ie, not part of text or numbers) Rule 0b. In front of all P’s that select commands (not arguments)

22. Step Two : MS Word Find Command H (Home on mouse) MP (Edit) B (click on mouse button) MP (Find) B (click on mouse button) H (Home on keyboard) 6K (Type six characters) MK (Return key on dialogue box starts the find) Rule 0b: P selects command Rule 0a: K is argument

23. Using KSLM - Step 3 Remove M’s according to heuristic rules (Rules relate to chunking of actions) Rule 1. Anticipated by prior operation – PMK ->PK (point and then click is a chunk) Rule 2. If string of MKs is a single cognitive unit (such as a command name), delete all but first – MKMKMK -> MKKK (same as M3K) (type “run rtn is a chunk) Rule 3. Redundant terminator, such as )) or rtn rtn Rule 4. If K terminates a constant string, such as command-rtn, then delete M M2K(ls)MK(rtn) -> M2K(ls)K(rtn) (typing “ls” command in Unix followed by rtn is a chunk)

24. H (Home on mouse) MP (Edit) B (click on mouse button) MP (Find) B (click on mouse button) H (Home on keyboard) 6K (Type six characters) MK (Return key on dialogue box starts the find) Step 3 : MS Word Find Command Rule 4 Keep M Rule 1 delete M H anticipates P

25. Using KSLM - Step 4 Plug in real numbers from experiments K:.08 sec for best typists,.28 average, 1.2 if unfamiliar with keyboard B: down or up - 0.1 secs; click - 0.2 secs P: 1.1 secs H: 0.4 secs M: 1.35 secs R: depends on system; often less than.05 secs

26. Step 4 : MS Word Find Command H (Home on mouse) P (Edit) B (click on mouse button - press/release) MP (Find) B (click on mouse button) H (Home on keyboard) 6K (Type six characters into Find dialogue box) MK (Return key on dialogue box starts the find) Timings H = 0.40, P = 1.10, B = 0.20, M = 1.35, K = 0.28 2H, 2P, 2B, 2M, 7K Predicted time = 8.06 secs

27. Example: MS Windows Menu Selection Get hands on mouse Select from menu bar with click of mouse button The “pull down” menu appears Select desired item from the pull down menu

28. Step 1: MS Windows Menu H (Home on mouse) P (point to menu bar item) B (left-click with mouse button) P (point to menu item) B (left-click with mouse button)

29. Step 2: MS Windows Menu - Add M’s H (get hand on mouse) MP (point to menu bar item) B (left-click with mouse button) MP (point to menu item) B (left-click with mouse button) Rule 0b: P selects command

30. Step 3: MS Windows Menu - Delete M’s H (get hand on mouse) MP (point to menu bar item) B (left-click with mouse button) MP (point to menu item) B (left-click with mouse button) Keep M Rule 1 M anticipated by P

31. Step 4: MS Windows Menu Calculate Time H (get hand on mouse) P (point to menu bar item) B (left-click with mouse button) MP (point to menu item) B (left-click with mouse button) Textbook timings (all in seconds) H = 0.40, P = 1.10, B = 0.20, M = 1.35 H, 2P, 2B, 1 M Total predicted time = 4.35 sec

32. Macintosh Menu Selection Operator sequence H(mouse)P(to menu item)B(down)PB(up) Now place Ms H(mouse)MP(to menu item)B(down)MPB(up) Selectively remove Ms H(mouse)MP(to menu item)B(down)MPB(up) Textbook timings (all in seconds) H = 0.40, P = 1.10, B = 0.10 for up or down, M = 1.35 H, 2P, 2 B, 1 M Total predicted time = 4.15 sec Macintosh is predicted to be.2 secs faster than MS Windows, about 5% Rule 0b Rule 1 Delete H anticipates P

33. KSLM Comparison Problem Are keyboard accelerators always faster than menu selection? Use MS Windows to compare Menu selection of File/Print (previous example estimated 4.35 secs.) Keyboard accelerator ALT-F to open the File pull down menu P key to select the Print menu item Assume hands start on keyboard

34. KSLM Comparison: Keyboard Accelerator for Print Use Keyboard for ALT-F P (hands already there) K(ALT)K(F)K(P) MK(ALT)MK(F)MK(P) MK(ALT)K(F)MK(P) 2M + 3K = 2.7 + 3K Times for K based on typing speed Good typist, K = 0.12 s, total time = 3.06 s Poor typist, K = 0.28 s, total time = 3.54 s Non-typist, K = 1.20 s, total time = 6.30 s Time with mouse was 4.35 sec Conclusion: Accelerator keys not necessarily faster than mouse for all users! First K anticipates second K

35. Using KSLM Skilled users Performing routine tasks The user has done it many times before No real learning going on Some modest “thinking” as captured by Ms Rules for placing Ms are heuristics Best use is for comparing alternatives Sometimes predictions are off But rankings of faster - slower tend to be accurate

36. Now You Get to Do It KSLM of the hierarchical menu selection example Combine with Hick’s Law Draw through text and make it bold By pointing to BOLD icon in floating palette By selecting BOLD from pull-down menu

37. Cognitive models - many flavors More complex than KSLM Hierarchical GOMS - Goals, Operators, Methods, Selectors CCT - Cognitive Complexity Theory Linguistic TAG - Task Action Grammar CLG - Command Language Grammar Cognitive architectures SOAR, ACT