1. Peoples and Cultures of Europe Europe as an ethnographic "culture area" units of analysis / cultural metaphors

2. “Anthropological Conceptions of ’Europe’” Parman pp. 9-11

3. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#title Parman, Susan. Europe in the Anthropological Imagination. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998. (ISBN: 0133374602) Parman, pp. 9-11

4. Europe as a “Culture Area”

5. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins” Europe Mesoamerica The Northwest Coast (of North America) The Upper Midwest The Mideast “Sub-Saharan Africa” Aran Islands

6. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins” Europe Mesoamerica The Northwest Coast (of North America) The Upper Midwest The Mideast “Sub-Saharan Africa” Aran Islands

7. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region –a “culture area”

8. “Culture Area” as a Unit of Analysis

9. some areas are “officially” anthropological “cultural areas”...

10. http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/atlas.htm

11. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#title Parman, Susan. Europe in the Anthropological Imagination. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998. (ISBN: 0133374602) You will read more about this in Ch. 12 “The Place of Europe in George P. Murdock's Anthropological Theory,” Mark T. Shutes, pp. 157-168 Which is on the reading schedule for Wednesday, 25 July 2007

12. we sometimes include Europe in anthropology as a “Culture Area” specifically because we want to test the universality of anthropological models Hoffman Shutes Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

13. we sometimes include Europe in anthropology specifically because we want to test the universality of anthropological models Hoffman Shutes Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

14. the chapters in Parman suggest that there has been a tendency in the history of the anthropology of Europe to... –exoticize the familiar –create syndromes of difference such as “honor and shame” –and to stress the study of the rural, the semiliterate folk, the small scale, preferably on islands Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

15. http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/uncgi/Ethnoatlas/atlas.vopts

18. http://www.yale.edu/hraf/collections.htm

20. http://www.perpetualvisions.com/nativeamericans/short-talk/overview-of-talk.html

21. http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/uncgi/Ethnoatlas/atlas.vopts Mesoamerica

23. some culture areas were very carefully and precisely defined, such as “Mesoamerica” as defined in 1952 by Paul Kirchoff... Kirchhoff, Paul. "Meso-America," in Heritage of Conquest, Sol Tax, ed., pp. 17-30. Glencoe, Illinois, 1952.

24. some culture areas were very carefully and precisely defined, such as “Mesoamerica” as defined in 1952 by Paul Kirchoff... Kirchhoff, Paul. "Meso-America," in Heritage of Conquest, Sol Tax, ed., pp. 17-30. Glencoe, Illinois, 1952.

25. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3618/maKirchhof_handout.html#title

26. “Mesoamerica” (cultural) “Middle America” (geological)

27. some areas that have been defined (by others) around cultural things are not the same as the anthropologists’ “cultural areas”...

28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_area

29. http://www.tibetantrekking.com/tcamap.html

30. http://www.worldbook.com/features/explorers/assets/LR004185_subI.gif

31. http://www.roconsulboston.com/Pages/InfoPages/Pers/GhinCioban.html

32. http://www.rmib-geoscience.nl/links/Ethnographic.ecp

33. http://www.antiqueprints.com/images/af1/f1533.jpg

34. other Units of Analysis

35. the individual as a Unit of Analysis

36. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins”

37. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#title Parman, Susan. Europe in the Anthropological Imagination. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998. (ISBN: 0133374602) Ch. 12 “The Place of Europe in George P. Murdock's Anthropological Theory,” Mark T. Shutes: “ The new locus of study for Murdock was... the individual, rather than some methodological notion of group....” (p. 166)

38. Ch. 12 “The Place of Europe in George P. Murdock's Anthropological Theory,” Mark T. Shutes: “ The new locus of study for Murdock was... the individual, rather than some methodological notion of group....” (p. 166) This was also earlier advocated by: Bronislow Malinowski Edward Sapir (“Sapir-Whorf” hypothesis) Margaret Mead

39. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins” –“life histories”

40. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/Buffalo/Intro-Temp2.html Paul Buffalo Meditating Medicine

41. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#Nan Sharon Gmelch Nan: The Life of an Irish Traveling Woman, Revised Edition. Long Grove: IL: Waveland Press, 1991. (ISBN: 0881336025)

42. the family as a Unit of Analysis

43. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family e.g., Strodtbeck-Florence Kluckhohn, see later –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins”

44. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1604/video/Life_Chances.html#title we saw this video on Thursday 05 July 2007

45. “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe Oscar Lewis

46. the community as a Unit of Analysis

47. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins”

48. as we have seen, for many years the island model of peasant / community studies dominated Europeanist anthropology, and to some extent continues to do so –whether or not the peasant community was on an island, the community itself was treated as a self-contained unit –see Kertzer’s discussion of the anthropological yearning for “the simplicity of a manageable field setting... Where... The scale is human, and the cow dung wafts through the air” Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

49. as we have seen, for many years the island model of peasant / community studies dominated Europeanist anthropology, and to some extent continues to do so –whether or not the peasant community was on an island, the community itself was treated as a self-contained unit –see Kertzer’s discussion of the anthropological yearning for “the simplicity of a manageable field setting... Where... The scale is human, and the cow dung wafts through the air” Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

50. and as we have also seen, the preference for peasant communities is due in part to the influence of Radcliffe-Brown and Robert Redfield at the University of Chicago Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

51. 1952 Structure and Function in Primitive Society Glencoe, IL.: The Free Press 1964Andaman Islanders Glencoe, IL.: The Free Press Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown

52. “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe 1930Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1941 Folk Culture of Yucatan Chicago: University of Chicago Press Robert Redfield

53. the research that came out of this school of thought emphasized self-sufficiency and isolation Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

54. rather than regional / national linkages migration tourism urbanization Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

55. peasant studies and community studies by and large perpetuated the island model of anthropological units of study with its concomitant notions of... Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

56. peasant studies and community studies by and large perpetuated the island model of anthropological units of study with its concomitant notions of... Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

57. –tradition –conservatism –homogeneity in ideology if not in fact, as Brettell points out in Parman –egalitarianism –mechanical solidarity –cultural essences as opposed to... the notion of culture as... Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

58. as opposed to... the alternative notion of culture as –contested –negotiated –invented –and relational in a society characterized by –gesellschaft –stratification –class differences –and organic solidarity Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

59. Douglass argues that small communities are an important part of the European experience and should not be dismissed as an intellectual interlude in theoretical trends within American anthropology Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

60. Others authors have justified the use of small communities in a variety of ways: –they are condensed, manageable samples of a larger whole (Hoffman) –they are primordial (Dubisch referring to Campbell) –they are dynamic arenas within which national self-images are formed (Dubisch referring to Herzfeld) –they provide the holistic and ethnographic vehicle for integrating micro and macro levels of analysis (Bennett; Wilson) Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

61. researchers began to look more closely at the romantic myth of egalitarian communities, and to describe stratification systems Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

62. researchers began to look more closely at the romantic myth of egalitarian communities, and to describe stratification systems Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

63. the island model of gemeinschaft / peasant community –allowed for some role differentiation primarily based on gender and kinship –but not the extreme differentiation that comes under the heading of stratification Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

64. stratification is a symptom of large complex societies not the gemeinschaft of small-scale societies Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

65. and Susan Freeman went from the University of Chicago –to do research in Spain –influenced not only by the British social anthropology presence at Chicago –but also by British social anthropologists producing seminal studies of Spanish communities (Pitt-Rivers) Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

66. 1954People of the Sierra Chicago: University of Chicago Press 1963 Mediterranean Countrymen: Essays in the Social Anthropology of the Mediterranean Julian Alfred Pitt-Rivers, et al Paris: Mouton Julian Alfred Pitt-Rivers

67. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins” back to

69. Ernestine Friedl 1962 Vasilika: A Village in Modern Greece. Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth, 2002. (ISBN: 0030115450) Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

71. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#InisBeag John C. Messenger Inis Beag: Isle of Ireland. Long Grove: IL: Waveland Press, 1983. (ISBN: 0881330515) Inis Beag GaelicGaelic: "Little Island"

72. INIS Beag Revisited: The Anthropologist as Observant Participator 1983 Salem, WI: Sheffield. (Reprint edition August 1989). The 1983 version was entitled An Anthropologist At Play: Ballald-mongering in Ireland and its Consequences for Research

73. ... backed up in image by the film Man of Aran (77 min, 1934, B&W) –Robert J. Flaherty, –Colman “Tiger” King, –Maggie Dirrane, and –Michael Dirrane we will see this “classic” film on Tuesday, 17 July 2007

74. John C. Messenger ? 1971 Sex and Repression in an Irish Folk Community. In Human Sexual Behavior: Variations in the Ethnographic Spectrum, by Donald S. Marshall and Robert C. Suggs. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice- Hall. 1978The Golden Chain: A Study of the Structure, Function, and Patterning of Comparatico in a South Italian village. American Ethnologist 5:116-136. Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

75. http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/?article=activity&refid=025

77. Milocca: A Sicilian Village Charlotte Gower Chapman

78. John K. Campbell Honour, Family, and Patronage: A Study of Institutions and Moral Values in a Greek Mountain Community (1964)

79. “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe Ronald Frankenberg 1957Village on the Border: A Social Study of Religion, Politics, and Football in a North Wales Community Cohen and West

80. “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe Ronald Frankenberg 1957Village on the Border: A Social Study of Religion, Politics, and Football in a North Wales Community Cohen and West

81. “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe Lewis - Refield debate Robert Redfield –Tepoztlan, a Mexican Village: A Study of Folk Life Oscar Lewis –Life in a Mexican Village: Tepoztlan Restudied

82. the region as a Unit of Analysis

83. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (not as a “culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins”

84. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Chinese” “Mexicans” “Bedouins”

85. Conrad Arensberg 1937The Irish Countryman. New York: Macmillan. ”the earliest example of anglophone Europeanist anthropology”

87. a culture as a Unit of Analysis

88. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

89. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

91. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region (“culture area”) –a culture “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

92. Sharon B. Gmelch 1986Groups that Don't Want in: Gypsies and other Artisan, Trader, and Entertainer Minorities. Annual Review of Anthropology 15:307-330. Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

94. The Irish Tinkers: The Urbanization of an Itinerant People by George Gmelch 1985

95. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans in summary (so far)

96. “units of analysis” may include: –one person (e.g., Paul Buffalo)Paul Buffalo –the family (e.g., Strodtbeck, see later) –the community –a region –“culture area” –a culture “Irish” “Irish Travellers” (“Gypsies”) “Rom” (“Gypsies”) “Basques” Catalans

97. “units of analysis” may also include: –a nation (“national character studies”) –the item or action itself (including “processes”) –a “cultural metaphor”

98. “units of analysis” may also include: –a nation (“national character studies”) –the item or action itself (including “processes”) –a “cultural metaphor”

99. a nation (Nation-State) as a Unit of Analysis

100. Cultural Metaphors unit of analysis = the nation or national culture –“national character studies” »The Chrysanthemum and the Sword – Ruth BenedictThe Chrysanthemum and the Sword

101. the item or action itself as a Unit of Analysis

102. “units of analysis” may also include: –a nation (“national character studies”) –the item or action itself (including “processes”) –a “cultural metaphor”

103. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#CrisisofBirths Elizabeth L. Krause A Crisis of Births: Population Politics and Family-Making in Italy Belmont, CA: Thompson Wadsworth, 2005.

104. demography / population gender ethnicity nationalism globalization “development” social / cultural change decision-making peasants urbanism / urbanization Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt stratification internal and transnational migration “transnationalism” networks honor / shame values patron-client relationships literacy “we” vs. “other” rural / urban continuum

105. demography / population gender ethnicity nationalism globalization “development” social / cultural change decision-making peasants urbanism / urbanization Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt stratification internal and transnational migration “transnationalism” networks honor / shame values patron-client relationships literacy “we” vs. “other” rural / urban continuum

106. in the 1970s anthropologists became caught up in a surge of interest in world systems, processes that could be described independent of particular “culture areas” Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 14 - 16Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

107. in the 1970s anthropologists became caught up in a surge of interest in world systems, processes that could be described independent of particular “culture areas” Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 14 - 16Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

108. in the 1970s anthropologists became caught up in a surge of interest in world systems, processes that could be described independent of particular “culture areas” Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 14 - 16Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

109. these were universal processes, and anthropology was conceived of as a universal science of humankind –not just of the exotic, non-Western, savage Other Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 14 - 16Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

110. these were universal processes, and anthropology was conceived of as a universal science of humankind –not just of the exotic, non-Western, savage Other Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 14 - 16Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

111. Douglass extracts comments from... –Arensberg’s Irish Countryman the earliest example of anglophone Europeanist anthropology –Pitt-Rivers’s People of the Sierra “anglophone Europeanist anthropology’s quintessential and most influential little community study” Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 14 - 16Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

112. 1954 People of the Sierra Julian Alfred Pitt-Rivers

113. today issues of gender in Europe vary from honor and shame in the Mediterranean to... general issues of the status of women their power their role in migration the construction of gender identity the poetics of genders Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 14 - 16Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

114. thus from one point of view, one could argue that during the 1970s the anthropological study of Europe (or any culture area, for that matter) was irrelevant in the anthropological imagination Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 14 - 16Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

115. thus from one point of view, one could argue that during the 1970s the anthropological study of Europe (or any culture area, for that matter) was irrelevant in the anthropological imagination Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 14 - 16Europe in the Anthropological Imagination... but not in recent times

116. processes were universal where they took place was of interest only in providing additional evidence about the nature of the processes themselves Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 14 - 16Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

117. processes were universal where they took place was of interest only in providing additional evidence about the nature of the processes themselves Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 14 - 16Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

118. on the other hand, going to Europe was essential in the anthropological imagination because it validated the universality of anthropological models –thus separating it from its image as a discipline relevant only to the study of the exotic, the “primitive,” and the non-West Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 14 - 16Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

119. on the other hand, going to Europe was essential in the anthropological imagination because it validated the universality of anthropological models –thus separating it from its image as a discipline relevant only to the study of the exotic, the “primitive,” and the non-West Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 14 - 16Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

120. according to Mark T. Shutes, this same motivation lay behind George Peter Murdock attempting to add more European material to the Human Relations Area Files, so as to expand the scope of ethnographic examples Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 14 - 16Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

121. according to Mark T. Shutes, this same motivation lay behind George Peter Murdock attempting to add more European material to the Human Relations Area Files, so as to expand the scope of ethnographic examples Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 14 - 16Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

123. Nancy F. Breuner 1992 Cult of the Virgin Mary in Southern Italy and Spain. Ethos 20:66-95. Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt

124. Nancy F. Breuner 1992 Cult of the Virgin Mary in Southern Italy and Spain. Ethos 20:66-95. Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt

125. we saw this video on Tuesday, 10 July 2007

126. George Foster 1965 “Peasant Society and the Image of Limited Good.” American Anthropologist 67:293-315. Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

127. Tomas Hofer Proper peasants: Traditional life in a Hungarian village Viking Fund Publications in Anthropology Parman's classic picks Parman's classic picks -- Tony Galt “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

128. Andrei Simić 1974 Urbanization and Cultural Process in Yugoslavia. Anthropological Quarterly 47:211- 227 1991 Obstacles to the Development of a Yugoslav National Consciousness: Ethnic Identity and Folk Culture in the Balkans. Journal of Mediterranean Studies 1:18-36 “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

129. Eric Wolf 1969Society and symbols in Latin Europe and in the Islamic Near East. Anthropological Quarterly 42:287-301. 1987 The Peasant War in Germany: Friedrich Engels as Social Historian. Science and Society 51:82-92. 1994 Perilous Ideas: Race, Culture, People. Current Anthropology 35:1-7. “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

130. Eric Wolf 1966Peasants 1967Peasant Wars of the Twentieth Century “Classics" in the Anthropology of Europe

131. Eric Wolf

132. a cultural metaphor (analogy, by means of cultural metaphors) as a Unit of Analysis

133. “units of analysis” may also include: –a nation (“national character studies”) –the item or action itself (including “processes”) –a “cultural metaphor” (analogy, by means of cultural metaphors)

134. an important influence on American interest in European Spanish studies was an attempt to trace Latin American influences back to Spain Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

135. an important influence on American interest in European Spanish studies was an attempt to trace Latin American influences back to Spain Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, pp. 11 - 14Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

136. we saw this video on Tuesday, 10 July 2007

137. “By forcing his [sic.] imagination, through analogy, to follow the detailed conformations of some external and unpredictable subject, the scientist’s or artist’s invention gains a sureness it would not otherwise command.” “Invention is ‘controlled’ by the image of reality and the creator’s lack of awareness that he [sic.] is creating.” Roy Wagner (1975) Susan Parman, Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, p. 02Europe in the Anthropological Imagination

138. “units of analysis” may also include: –a nation (“national character studies”) –the item or action itself (including “processes”) –a “cultural metaphor” (analogy, by means of cultural metaphors)

139. Gannon’s European Cultural Metaphors include Ch. 17. The Traditional British House Ch. 21.The Italian Opera Ch. 22. Belgian Lace Ch. 24. The Russian Ballet Ch. 25. The Spanish BullfightThe Spanish Bullfight Ch. 26. The Portuguese Bullfight

140. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1095/index.html#text

141. Gannon’s European Cultural Metaphors include Ch. 6.The Turkish Coffehouse Ch. 8. The Polish Village Church Ch. 10. The German Symphony Ch. 11. The Swedish Stuga Ch. 12. Irish ConversationsIrish Conversations Ch. 14. The Danish Christmas Luncheon Ch. 15. French Wine...

142. www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1095/Ireland.html#title

143. http://www.carn.com/IrishTales.htm

144. Gannon’s European Cultural Metaphors include Ch. 17. The Traditional British HouseThe Traditional British House Ch. 21.The Italian OperaThe Italian Opera Ch. 22. Belgian LaceBelgian Lace Ch. 24. The Russian BalletThe Russian Ballet Ch. 25. The Spanish BullfightThe Spanish Bullfight Ch. 26. The Portuguese BullfightThe Portuguese Bullfight

145. Cultural Metaphors cultural metaphors can be derived for ethnic groups within and across nations –e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Kurds (in Turkey) –e.g., Basques

146. Cultural Metaphors cultural metaphors can be derived for ethnic groups within and across nations –e.g., Anishinabe (Chippewa; Ojibwa) –e.g., Rom (Gypsies) –e.g., Irish “Travellers” sometimes incorrectly called “Gypsies” –e.g., Kurds (in Turkey) –e.g., Basques

147. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth3635/cetexts.html#BasqueHistory Mark Kurlansky The Basque History of the World. NY: Penguin Books, 1999. (ISBN: 0140298517)

148. Cultural Metaphors unit of analysis is usually the nation or national culture applies to a group, but not to every individual within it

149. Cultural Metaphors unit of analysis is usually the nation or national culture –because a good amount of evidence suggests that there are commonalities across regional, racial, and ethnic groups within each of them that can be captured effectively by cultural metaphors

150. Cultural Metaphors unit of analysis is usually the nation or national culture –Understanding Global Cultures contains 28 metaphors (13 of the 28 are from Europe) –there are approximately 200 nations in the world 193 according to The Times World Atlas (2004)

151. Cultural Metaphors unit of analysis is usually the nation or national culture –Understanding Global Cultures contains 28 metaphors (13 of the 28 are from Europe) –REM: there are approximately 200 nations in the world 193 according to The Times World Atlas (2004)

152. Ken Livingston, mayor of London England, indicated that there were over 300 languages spoken in London. (Following the terrorist attack of July 2005) Communication

153. How many languages are spoken in St. Paul Minnesota ? Communication

154. Culture Counts and it counts quit a bit

155. Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck Edward T. Hall Geert Hofstede Cultural Metaphors include, in addition, the items on p. 11 of Gannon’s book...

156. Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck Edward T. Hall Geert Hofstede Cultural Metaphors include, in addition, the items on p. 11 of Gannon’s book...

157. Cultural Metaphors include... religion early socialization and family structure small group behavior public behavior leisure pursuits and interests

158. Cultural Metaphors include... total Lifestyle –work / leisure / home and time allocations to each of them aural space –the degree to which members of a society react negatively to high noise levels roles and status of different members of a society

159. Cultural Metaphors include... holidays and ceremonies greeting behavior humor

160. Cultural Metaphors include... language –oral and written communication

161. Cultural Metaphors include... non-oral communication –body language kinesics (motion) proxemics (space)

162. Cultural Metaphors include... sports –as a reflection of cultural values political structure of a society the educational system of a society

163. Cultural Metaphors include... traditions and the degree to which the established order is emphasized history of a society –but only as it reflects cultural mind-sets, or the manner in which its members think, feel, and act –not a detailed history

164. Cultural Metaphors include... food and eating behavior

165. Cultural Metaphors include... social class structure rate of technological and cultural change organization of and perspective on work –such as a society’s commitment to the work ethic, superior-subordinate relationships, and so on any other categories that are appropriate

166. A Four-Stage Model of Cross- Cultural Understanding I.four-cell typology of process / goal orientation II.more specificity III.inclusion of other “etic” of culture-general dimensions along which specific cultures have been shown to vary IV.cultural metaphors are employed for understanding a culture they build on the “etic” understanding provided by the approaches used in the first three stages

167. Fig. 1.1. Process, Goals, and Expression of Emotions (p. 12) Open Expression of Emotions and Feelings Degree to which process must be emphasized before goals can be discussed LowerHigher Lower Higher

168. A Four-Stage Model of Cross- Cultural Understanding I.four-cell typology of process / goal orientation II.more specificity III.inclusion of other “etic” of culture-general dimensions along which specific cultures have been shown to vary IV.cultural metaphors are employed for understanding a culture they build on the “etic” understanding provided by the approaches used in the first three stages

169. Emics / Etics emics –from “phonemics” –viewing a culture from the inside etics –from “phonetics” –viewing a culture from the outside more on the “emics” and “etics” later

170. “Four-Stage Model”Four-Stage Model One variable of Gannon’s “Four-Stage Model”Four-Stage Model is the degree to which process such as effective communication and getting to know one another in depth should precede discussion of specific goals

171. “Four-Stage Model”Four-Stage Model One variable of Gannon’s “Four-Stage Model”Four-Stage Model is the degree to which process such as effective communication and getting to know one another in depth should precede discussion of specific goals

172. “Four-Stage Model”Four-Stage Model Another variable of Gannon’s “Four-Stage Model” is the degree to which a culture fosters and encourages open emotional expressionFour-Stage Model

173. “Four-Stage Model”Four-Stage Model Another variable of Gannon’s “Four-Stage Model” is the degree to which a culture fosters and encourages open emotional expressionFour-Stage Model

174. Fig. 1.1. Process, Goals, and Expression of Emotions (p. 12) Open Expression of Emotions and Feelings Degree to which process must be emphasized before goals can be discussed LowerHigher Lower England, Ireland, and Scotland United States and Germany Higher China, Japan, and India Mexico, Spain, and Italy More on the “Four-Stage Model” later, time permittingFour-Stage Model

175. Cultural Metaphors “Metaphors are not stereotypes” – Martin J. Gannon Why?

176. Geert Hofstede (1991) IBM study demonstrated that national culture explained 50% of the differences in attitudes in IBM’s 53 countries

177. “Given such studies, it seems that culture influences between 25% and 50% of our attitudes, whereas other aspects of workforce diversity, such as social class, ethnicity, race, sex, and age, account for the remainder of these attitudinal differences.”

179. “Frequently, when a foreigner violates a key cultural value, he or she is not even aware of the violation, and no one brings the matter to his or her attention.” –once a visitor makes a major mistake it is frequently impossible to rectify it –and it may well take several months to realize that polite rejections really signify isolation and banishment

180. “Frequently, when a foreigner violates a key cultural value, he or she is not even aware of the violation, and no one brings the matter to his or her attention.” –once a visitor makes a major mistake it is frequently impossible to rectify it –and it may well take several months to realize that polite rejections really signify isolation and banishment including proxemics kenisics

181. “Frequently, when a foreigner violates a key cultural value, he or she is not even aware of the violation, and no one brings the matter to his or her attention.” –once a visitor makes a major mistake it is frequently impossible to rectify it –and it may well take several months to realize that polite rejections really signify isolation and banishment

182. “Even genuinely small cultural mistakes can have enormous consequences.”

183. “... knowing a country’s language, although clearly helpful, is no guarantee of understanding its cultural mindset, and some of the most difficult problems have been created by individuals who have a high level of fluency but a low level of cultural understanding.”

185. “Moreover, members of a culture tend to assume that highly fluent visitors know the customs and rules of behavior, and these visitors are judged severely when violations occur.”

186. Cultural Metaphors Understanding Global Cultures describes a method for understanding easily and quickly the cultural mind- set of a nation and comparing it to other nations...

187. Cultural Metaphors Understanding Global Cultures describes a method for understanding easily and quickly the cultural mind- set of a nation and comparing it to other nations... metaphorical analysis

188. Cultural Metaphors wherein the unit of analysis is the metaphor

189. Cultural Metaphors In essence the cultural metaphor involves identifying some phenomenon, activity, or institution of a nation’s culture that all or most of its members consider to be very important and with which they identify closely –the characteristics of the metaphor then become the basis for describing and understanding the essential features of the society

190. Cultural Metaphors In essence the cultural metaphor involves identifying some phenomenon, activity, or institution of a nation’s culture that all or most of its members consider to be very important and with which they identify closely –the characteristics of the metaphor then become the basis for describing and understanding the essential features of the society

191. Cultural Metaphors In essence the cultural metaphor involves identifying some phenomenon, activity, or institution of a nation’s culture that all or most of its members consider to be very important and with which they identify closely –the characteristics of the metaphor then become the basis for describing and understanding the essential features of the society

192. Cultural Metaphors each metaphor is a guide or map that helps the foreigner understand quickly what members of a society consider very important –but it is only a starting point against which we can compare our own experiences and through which we can start to understand the seeming contradictions pervasive in most, if not all, societies

193. Cultural Metaphors each metaphor is a guide or map that helps the foreigner understand quickly what members of a society consider very important –but it is only a starting point against which we can compare our own experiences and through which we can start to understand the seeming contradictions pervasive in most, if not all, societies

194. Cultural Metaphors Gannon’s book describes a dominant, and perhaps the dominant, metaphor for each society –but other metaphors may also be suitable

195. Gannon’s European Cultural Metaphors include Ch. 6.The Turkish CoffehouseThe Turkish Coffehouse Ch. 8. The Polish Village ChurchThe Polish Village Church Ch. 10. The German SymphonyThe German Symphony Ch. 11. The Swedish StugaThe Swedish Stuga Ch. 12. Irish ConversationsIrish Conversations Ch. 14. The Danish Christmas LuncheonThe Danish Christmas Luncheon Ch. 15. French Wine...French Wine

196. Gannon’s European Cultural Metaphors include Ch. 17. The Traditional British HouseThe Traditional British House Ch. 21.The Italian OperaThe Italian Opera Ch. 22. Belgian LaceBelgian Lace Ch. 24. The Russian BalletThe Russian Ballet Ch. 25. The Spanish BullfightThe Spanish Bullfight Ch. 26. The Portuguese BullfightThe Portuguese Bullfight

197. Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck Edward T. Hall Geert Hofstede Cultural Metaphors include, in addition, the items on p. 11 of Gannon’s book...

198. Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck Edward T. Hall Geert Hofstede Cultural Metaphors include, in addition, the items on p. 11 of Gannon’s book...

199. Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck –note that each society has a dominant cultural orientation that can be described in terms of six dimensions

200. Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 1.“What do members of a society assume about the nature of people, that is, are people good, bad, or a mixture?” These kinds of beliefs are sometimes called “existential postulates”

201. Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 1.“What do members of a society assume about the nature of people, that is, are people good, bad, or a mixture?” These kinds of beliefs are sometimes called “existential postulates”

202. Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 2.“What do members of a society assume about the relationship between a person and nature, that is, should we live in harmony with it or subjugate it?” These kinds of beliefs are sometimes called “normative postulates”

203. Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 2.“What do members of a society assume about the relationship between a person and nature, that is, should we live in harmony with it or subjugate it?” These kinds of beliefs are sometimes called “normative postulates”

204. Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 3.“What do members of a society assume about the relationship between people, that is, should a person act in an individual manner or consider the group before taking action?” individualism vs. collectivism (groupism) in terms of such issues as making decisions, conformity, and so forth

205. Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 3.“What do members of a society assume about the relationship between people, that is, should a person act in an individual manner or consider the group before taking action?” individualism vs. collectivism (groupism) in terms of such issues as making decisions, conformity, and so forth

206. Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 4.“What is the primary mode of activity in a given society, that is, being, or accepting the status quo, enjoying the current situation, and going with the flow of things; or doing, that is, changing things to make them better, setting specific goals and accomplishing them within specific schedules, and so forth?”

207. Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 4.“What is the primary mode of activity in a given society, that is, being, or accepting the status quo, enjoying the current situation, and going with the flow of things; or doing, that is, changing things to make them better, setting specific goals and accomplishing them within specific schedules, and so forth?”

208. Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 5.“What is the conception of space in a given society, that is, is it considered private, in that meetings are held in private, people do not get too close to one another physically, and so on; or public, that is, having everyone participate in meetings and decision making, allowing emotions to be expressed publicly, and having people stand in close proximity to one another?”

209. Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 5.“What is the conception of space in a given society, that is, is it considered private, in that meetings are held in private, people do not get too close to one another physically, and so on; or public, that is, having everyone participate in meetings and decision making, allowing emotions to be expressed publicly, and having people stand in close proximity to one another?”

210. Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 6.“What is the society’s dominant temporal orientation” past present and / or future?

211. Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck 6.“What is the society’s dominant temporal orientation” past present and / or future?

212. Constructing Cultural Metaphors Kluckholn and Strodtbeck note that each society has a dominant cultural orientation that can be described in terms of these six dimensions but that other, weaker orientations may also exist simultaneously in its different geographical regions and racial and ethnic groups

213. Constructing Cultural Metaphors Kluckholn and Strodtbeck note that each society has a dominant cultural orientation that can be described in terms of these six dimensions but that other, weaker orientations may also exist simultaneously in its different geographical regions and racial and ethnic groups

214. Constructing Cultural Metaphors Kluckholn and Strodtbeck note that each society has a dominant cultural orientation that can be described in terms of these six dimensions but that other, weaker orientations may also exist simultaneously in its different geographical regions and racial and ethnic groups

215. Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck Edward T. Hall Geert Hofstede

216. Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck Edward T. Hall Geert Hofstede made many discoveries in how people learn language analyzed the levels of learning

217. Edward T. Hall 1.“Context, or the amount of information that must be explicitly stated if a message or communication is to be successful”

218. Edward T. Hall 2.“Space, or the ways of communicating through specific handling of personal space” e.g., North Americans tend to keep more space between them while communicating than do South Americans

219. Edward T. Hall 3.Time, which is either monochronic (scheduling and completing one activity at a time) or polychronic (not distinguishing between activities and completing them simultaneously – “multitasking”)

220. Edward T. Hall 3.Time, which is either monochronic (scheduling and completing one activity at a time) or polychronic (not distinguishing between activities and completing them simultaneously – “multitasking”)

221. Edward T. Hall 4.“Information flow, which is the structure and speed of messages between individuals and / or organizations”

222. Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck Edward T. Hall Geert Hofstede

223. –prominent organizational psychologist –research is based on a large questionnaire survey of IBM employees and managers working in 53 different countries –especially significant because the type of organization is held constant

224. Geert Hofstede 1.Power distance or the degree to which members of a society automatically accept a hierarchical or unequal distribution of power in organizations and the society

225. Geert Hofstede 2.Uncertainty avoidance or the degree to which members of a given society deal with the uncertainty and risk of everyday life and prefer to work with long-term acquaintances and friends rather than with strangers

226. Geert Hofstede 3.Individualism or the degree to which an individual perceives him- or her-self to be separate from a group and free from group pressure to conform

227. Geert Hofstede 4.Masculinity or the degree to which a society looks favorably on aggressive and materialistic behavior

228. Geert Hofstede 5.Time horizon (short term to long term) or the degree to which members of a culture are willing to defer present gratification in order to achieve long- term goals

229. Geert Hofstede 5.Time horizon (short term to long term) or the degree to which members of a culture are willing to defer present gratification in order to achieve long- term goals

230. criticisms of the “three-dimensional approaches” developed by Kluckholn and Strodtbeck, Hall, and Hofstende include –leave out many features of the cultural mind- sets that are activated in daily cultural activities –neglect the institutions molding these mind- sets –are instructive, but are “somewhat lifeless and narrow” –leave out many facets of behavior

231. Constructing Cultural Metaphors Florence Kluckholn and Fred Strodtbeck Edward T. Hall Geert Hofstede Cultural Metaphors include, in addition, the items on p. 11 of Gannon’s book...

232. http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth1095/index.html#text