1. Measuring Business Income: The Adjusting Process
Chapter 3

2. cash-basis accounting.
Objective 1
Distinguish accrual
accounting from
cash-basis accounting.

3. The Two Bases of Accounting:
Accrual-basis:
Transactions are recorded
when revenues are
earned or expenses
are incurred.
Cash-basis:
Transactions are
recorded when
cash is paid or
cash is received.

4. Accrual Versus Cash Example
In January 2002, Prensa Insurance sells a three-year health insurance policy to a business client.
The contract specifies that the client had to pay $150,000 in advance.
Yearly expenses amount to $20,000.
What is the income or loss?

5. Accrual Versus Cash Example
Accrual-Basis Accounting
(000 omitted)
Revenues $50 $50 $50
Expenses
Net income (loss) $30 $30 $30

6. Accrual Versus Cash Example
Cash-Basis Accounting
(000 omitted)
Cash inflows $150 $ $ 0
Cash outflows
Net income (loss) $130 ($20) ($20)

7. Accounting Period Managers adopt an artificial period of time
to evaluate performance.

8. Interim Period Statements
Monthly
Quarterly
Semi-annually

9. Apply the revenue and matching principles.
Objective 2
Apply the revenue and matching principles.

10. Revenue Principle When is revenue recognized?
When it is deemed earned.
Recognition of revenue and cash receipts do not necessarily occur at the same time.

11. The Matching Principle
What is the matching principle?
It is the basis for recording expenses.
Expenses are the costs of assets and the increase in liabilities incurred in the earning of revenues.
Expenses are recognized when the benefit from the expense is received.

12. Matching Expenses with Revenues Example
Parker Floor sells a wood floor for $15,000 on the last day of May.
The wood was purchased from the manufacturer for $8,000 in March of the same year.
The floor is installed in June.
When is income recognized?

13. Matching Expenses with Revenues Example
May
Revenues $15,000
Cost of goods sold ,000
Net income $ 7,000

14. The Time Period Concept
It requires that accounting information be reported at regular intervals.
Interacts with the revenue principle and the matching principle
Requires that income be measured accurately each period

15. Make adjusting entries.
Objective 3
Make adjusting entries.

16. Adjusting Entries Assign revenue to the period earned.
Assign expenses to the period incurred.
Bring related asset and liability accounts into correct balance.

17. Two Types Of Adjusting Entries
Prepaids or Deferrals
Accruals

18. Five Categories Of Adjusting Entries
Prepaid expenses
Accrued revenues
Depreciation
Accrued expenses
Unearned revenues

19. Prepaid Insurance Example
On January 2, 2005, Parker Floor paid $24,000
for a two-year health insurance policy.
Prepaid Insurance
Cash
24,000
24,000

20. Prepaid Insurance Example
What is the journal entry on December 31, 2005?
Dec. 31, Insurance Expense , Prepaid Insurance , To record insurance expense

21. Prepaid Insurance Example
What was the determining factor in matching this expense?
Time

22. Supplies Example
Wood Enterprise started business the beginning of the month.
$800 worth of office supplies were purchased on November 15, 2004, for cash.

23. Supplies Example Office Supplies Cash 800 800
An inventory at month end indicated
that $200 in office supplies remained.
What is the supplies expense?

24. What was the determining factor in matching this expense?
Supplies Example
Supplies Expense
Supplies
Bal. 200
600
What was the determining factor in matching this expense?
Usage

25. Depreciation Example
On January 2, Wood Enterprise purchased a truck for $30,000 cash.
The truck is expected to last for 3 years.

26. Depreciation Example
The cost of the truck must be matched with the accounting periods in which it was used to earn income.
What is the journal entry for the year ended December 31, 2005?

27. Depreciation Example Dec. 31, 2005 Depreciation Expense 10,000
Accumulated Depreciation ,000
To record depreciation on truck

28. Contra Accounts A contra account has a companion account.
A contra account’s normal balance is opposite that of the companion account.
Accumulated
depreciation is a contra account to
plant assets.

29. Wood Enterprise Example
Partial Balance Sheet
December 31, 2005
Plant assets:
Machinery $30,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation 10,000
Total $20,000
Contra account
Book value

30. Accruals What is an accrual?
It is the recognition of an expense or revenue that has arisen but has not yet been recorded.
Expenses or revenues are recorded before the cash settlement.

31. Accrued Expenses Example
Employees at Mary Business Services are paid every Friday.
Weekly salaries total $30,000.
The business is closed on Saturday and Sunday.
The employees were last paid on April 26, which was a Friday.
They will be paid on May 3.

32. Accrued Expenses Example
April
May
26 27

33. Accrued Expenses Example
What is the adjusting entry on April 30?
They worked April 29 and 30.
$30,000 ÷ 5 = $6,000 per day
$6,000 × 2 days = $12,000
April 30, Salaries Expense , Salaries Payable , To accrue salary expense

34. Accrued Revenues Example
During the month of April, Mary Business Services rendered services to customers totaling $15,000.
At the end of April, the customers have not as yet been billed.

35. Accrued Revenues Example
What is the April 30 adjusting entry?
April 30, Accounts Receivable , Service Revenue ,000 To accrue service revenue

36. Accrued Revenues Example
What is the determining factor in recognizing this service revenue?
Performance

37. Unearned or Deferred Revenue Example
In January 2005, Prensa Insurance received $150,000 from a business client to provide health insurance coverage for three years.
January 2, Cash , Unearned Revenue 150, Received revenue in advance

38. Unearned or Deferred Revenue Example
What is the journal entry on December 31, 2005?
Unearned revenue 50, Revenue , To record revenue collected in advance
Correct
liability
$100,000
Total
accounted for
$150,000
Correct
revenue
$50,000

39. Notice Adjusting entries always have...
one income statement account and...
one balance sheet account.
Adjusting entries never involve cash.

40. Objective 4
Prepare an adjusted
trial balance.

41. Adjusted Trial Balance
The adjusting process starts with the unadjusted trial balance.
Adjusting entries are made at the end of the accounting period and then an adjusted trial balance is prepared.
The adjusted trial balance serves as the basis for the preparation of the financial statements.

42. adjusted trial balance.
Objective 5
Prepare the financial
statements from the
adjusted trial balance.

43. Financial Statements Financial statements have two parts:
The first part includes the following:
name of the entity
title of the statement
date or period covered
The second part is the body of the statement.

44. Financial Statements Example
Prensa Insurance
Income Statement
Year Ended December 31, 2005
Revenue from insurance services $50,000
Less: Salaries expense ,275
Supplies expense
Rent expense ,600
Utilities expense
Interest expense
Depreciation
Net income $30,000

45. Financial Statements Example
Prensa Insurance
Statement of Owner’s Equity
Year Ended December 31, 2005
Prensa Insurance Equity, January 1, $100,000
Add: Net income ,000
Prensa Insurance Equity, December 31, 2002 $130,000

46. Financial Statements Example
Prensa Insurance
Balance Sheet
Year Ended December 31, 2002
Assets:
Cash $189,150
Accounts receivable ,000
Supplies inventory
Prepaid rent ,000
Office equipment ,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation
Total assets $200,000

47. Financial Statements Example
Liabilities and Equities:
Utilities payable $
Interest payable
Accounts payable (supplies)
Salaries payable ,100
Bank loan ,900
Total liabilities $ 70,000
Owner’s equity ,000
Total liabilities and owner’s equity $200,000

48. End of Chapter 3