1. The Human Body CHAPTER 4

2. Anatomic Terms The Anatomic Position

3. Anatomic Position Right Left

4. Imaginary Lines of the Body  Midline  Bilateral  Unilateral  Midclavicular lines  Midaxillary lines

5. Descriptive Anatomic Terms

6. Positional Terminology - Prone

7. Positional Terminology - Supine

8. Positional Terminology - Fowler’s

9. Positional Terminology - Trendelenburg’s

10. Positional Terminology - Shock Position

11. Positional Terminology - Recovery Position

12. Medical Terminology

13. Examples of Prefixes PrefixMeaningExample Bi Epi Hyper Hypo Inter Post Pre both, both sides upon above, excessive under, below between after, behind before, in front bi lateral epi gastric hyper tonic hypo thermic inter costal post natal pre operative

14. Examples of Root Words Root WordMeaning Cardi Cerebro Gastr Nephr Oste Phleb Thorac heart brain stomach kidney bone vein chest

15. Examples of Suffixes SuffixMeaningExample centesis ectomy itis meter ostomy paresis stomy surgical puncture excision inflammation instrument to measure surgical opening partial paralysis visual examination pericardio centesis append ectomy periton itis thermo meter colo stomy hemi paresis broncho scopy

16. Examples of Abbreviations AbbreviationDefinition AMI CCU CHF COPD CVA ECG IV acute myocardial infarction coronary care unit congestive heart failure chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cerebrovascular accident electrocardiogram intravenous

17. Body Systems The Respiratory System

18. The respiratory system takes oxygen from the air to the blood for transport to cells and rids the body of excess carbon dioxide.

19. Upper airway: Extends from the mouth and nose down to the trachea.

20. The Upper Airway Nasopharynx Oropharynx Epiglottis Vocal cords Trachea

21. The Larynx Thyroid cartilage Cricoid ring Cricothyroid membrane

22. Lower airway: Extends from the trachea down to the lungs.

23. Lower Airway Upper lobe Middle lobe Lower lobe Trachea

24. Trachea and Bronchi Trachea Right Bronchus Left Bronchus

25. The Alveoli Alveoli Bronchiole

26. Lung ventilation: Inhalation begins with contraction of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles. Exhalation begins with the relaxation of the intercostal muscles and diaphragm.

27. InhalationExhalation Chest contracts Chest relaxes Breathing

28. Alveolar/capillary interface Cellular/capillary interface Alveolus Body cells Gas Exchange Blood Capillary

29. Normal Respiratory Rates  Adult:12 - 20/minute  Children:15 - 30/minute  Infants:25 - 50/minute

30. Breath sounds can be heard with a stethoscope.

31. Accessory breathing muscles: Muscles used to draw air into the chest, such as the neck and abdominal muscles. Use of these muscles is a sign of respiratory distress.

32. Tidal volume: Amount of air exchanged in one breath.

33. Pediatric Anatomy Considerations

34. Children are NOT small adults.

35. Adult vs Child Respiratory Anatomy  Proportionately larger tongue  Narrower and shorter trachea  Trachea easily kinked by improper positioning  Chest-wall very pliable  Larynx is more anterior  Weaker intercostal muscles  Requires more use of diaphragm

36. Comparison of the diameter of the child’s trachea versus the adult’s. Adult (20 mm) Infant (4 mm)

37. The Circulatory System (Cardiovascular System) The Circulatory System (Cardiovascular System)

38. External View of Heart Aorta Coronary arteries Superior vena cava

39. Internal View of Heart Ventricles Atria

40. Automaticity: The ability of cardiac muscle cells to generate their own contractions. The heart has its own conduction system.

41. Cardiac Conduction System 1 Bachmann’s bundle Left bundle branch Posterior division Anterior division Purkinje fibers Right bundle branch Bundle of His AV node Internodal pathways Sinus node

42. Cardiac Conduction System 2 Relationship of ECG to anatomy

44. Determining the Rate

45. Arterial System Carotid artery Brachial artery Radial artery Femoral artery

46. Venous System External jugular Femoral vein Inferior vena cava Great saphenous

47. Capillary: The smallest blood vessel in the body where the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste occurs.

48. Blood Composition  Red blood cells  Hemoglobin  White blood cells  Platelets  Plasma  Fluid that carries cells and platelets

49. TH-1 The BP is a measure of the pressure exerted against the arterial walls... …when the left ventricle contracts (systolic) and relaxes (diastolic).

50. Systolic Diastolic

51. Perfusion: The process of delivering blood to the organs, delivering oxygen, and removing wastes. The skin condition is a good indicator of perfusion.

52. Shock: A state or condition of inadequate perfusion to the organs and tissue (hypoperfusion).