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Trauma, Multiple Casualties. Polytrauma Multisystem trauma Terminology: 4 Injury = the result of harmful event that arieses from the release of specific.

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Presentation on theme: "Trauma, Multiple Casualties. Polytrauma Multisystem trauma Terminology: 4 Injury = the result of harmful event that arieses from the release of specific."— Presentation transcript:

1 Trauma, Multiple Casualties

2 Polytrauma Multisystem trauma Terminology: 4 Injury = the result of harmful event that arieses from the release of specific forms of energy. 4 “Polytrauma” = Multisystem trauma = injury of two or more systems, one or the combination imperil vital signs.

3 Trauma deaths First peak 4 Within minutes of injury 4 Due to major neurological or vascular injury 4 Medical treatment can rarely improve outcome Second peak 4 Occurs during the 'golden hour' 4 Due to intracranial haematoma, major thoracic or abdominal injury 4 Primary focus of intervention for the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) methodology Third peak 4 Occurs after days or weeks 4 Due to sepsis and multiple organ failure

4 Assessment of the injured patient 4 Primary survey and resuscitation –A = Airway and cervical spine –B = Breathing –C = Circulation and haemorrhage control –D = Dysfunction of the central nervous system –E = Exposure 4 Secondary survey 4 Definitive treatment

5 Airway and cervical spine 4 Always assume that patient has cervical spine injury 4 If patient can talk then he is able to maintain own airway 4 If airway compromised initially attempt a chin lift and clear airway of foreign bodies 4 Intubate or cricothyroidotomy 4 Give 100% Oxygen

6 Breathing 4 Check position of trachea, respiratory rate and air entry 4 If clinical evidence of tension pneumothorax will need immediate relief 4 Place venous cannula through second intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line 4 If open chest wound seal with occlusive dressing

7 Circulation and haemorrhage control 4 Assess pulse, capillary return and state of neck veins 4 Identify exsanguinating haemorrhage and apply direct pressure 4 Place two large calibre intravenous cannulas Give intravenous fluids (crystalloid or colloid) 4 Attach patient to ECG monitor

8 Dysfunction Assess level of consciousness using AVPU method A = alert V = responding to voice P = responding to pain U = unresponsive Assess pupil size, equality and responsiveness

9 Exposure 4 Avoid hypothermia Fully undress patients Avoid hypothermia

10 Multiple casualties 4 Several causalities at the same time. 1. Alarm ER services 2. Assess the scene - without putting your safety at risk. 3. Triage 'do the most for the most'

11 Triage 4 Ability to walk 4 Airway 4 Respiratory rate 4 Pulse rate or capillary return

12

13 Road accidents 4 Fall from a bicycle …. major incident with many causalities. 4 Serious risks to safety - traffic

14 1. Make the area safe 4 Protect yourself, the causality and other road users. –Park your car safely, turn lights on, set hazard lights flashing. –Do not across a busy motorway to reach other side –Set others to warn other coming drivers –Set up warning triangles or lights 200 metres in each direction. 4 Switch off ignition of any damaged vehicle. 4 Is anyone smoking?

15 2. Check all caulsalities 4 Quick assess 4 No moving 4 Apply life-saving treatment

16 3. Treat 4 In the position found 4 First life-threatening or potentially serious injuries

17 4. Search all area

18 How to move unconscious casualty 4 Do not move the casualty unless it is absolutely necessary 4 Assume neck injury until proved otherwise –Support head and neck with your hands, so he can breathe freely Apply a collar, if possible –There should be only 1 axis (head, neck, thorax) no moving to sides, no flexion, no extension. –With other 3-4 people 1 support head (he is directing others), other one shoulders and chest, other one hips and abdomen, last one - legs.


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