1. Structure and Synthesis of Process Flow Diagrams ENCH 430 July 16, 2015 By: Michael Hickey

2. Outline Introduction Hierarchy of Design Process Batch vs. Continuous Process Input – Output Structure of the Process Recycle Structure of the Process Energy Recovery System Conclusion

3. Introduction Similar process for every path. Provide framework to generate alternate Process Flow Diagrams (PFD) Important decision of which chemical synthesis or route for desired product.

4. Hierarchy of Design Process 1. Decide whether the process will be batch or continuous. 2. Identify the input – output structure of the process. 3. Identify and define the recycle structure process. 4. Identify and design the general structure of separation 5. Identify and design the heat-exchanger network or process energy recovery system.

5. Batch vs. Continuous Process Semi-Batch: Operates Continuously, receives material in batch. Batch: fixed quantity of product is produced in a given time. Continuous: Feed is continuously fed to a series of equipment. Advantages and disadvantages listed in Table 2.1

6. Input – Output Structure Process Concept Diagram:

7. Input – Output Structure Input – Output Structure of PFD:

8. Input – Output Structure Generic Block Flow Process Diagram:

9. Input – Output Structure Information Determined Using Input - Output Diagrams: Basic economic analysis of profit margin. The chemical components that enter with the feed and leave with the product. All the reactions that take place, wanted or unwanted. Better approaches Often 2 or more different chemical paths

10. Recycle Structure of the Process Efficiency of Raw Material Usage: Single – Pass Conversion = reactant consumed in process / reactant fed to reactor Overall Conversion = reactant consumed in process / reactant fed to the process Yield = moles or reactant to produce desired product / moles of limiting reactant reacted

11. Recycle Structure of the Process 3 Ways to Recycle in Continuous Process Separate and Purify unreacted feed material from products and recycle. Recycle feed and product together with a purge stream. Recycle feed and product together without a purge stream.

12. Energy Recovery System Main Objective: Optimize energy that a process exchanges with utilities. Utility usage can be decreased by exchanging energy between process streams. Ex. Heat Exchanger.