1. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-151 Is the the pulse tube cooler a must or is it simply better for the MICE AFC module? Michael A. Green Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720, USA

2. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-152 What are the Cooler choices for the AFC Module? The AFC module has the need for three coolers. Two coolers are needed for the superconducting magnet and one cooler is needed for the absorber. The coolers for the MICE AFC module will be will deliver 1.5 W at 4.2 K and > 40 W at 55 K. Two types of coolers can be used. These machines are the Sumitomo RDK-415D GM cooler or the Cryomech PT-415 pulse tube cooler.

3. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-153 Cryomech PT415 Cooler

4. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-154 PT415 Pulse Tube Cooler in its Test Stand Rotary Valve Surge Tank Test Cryostat for Machine

5. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-155 Computer Display of the PT415 Cooler in Operation

6. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-156 6 5 4 3 2 SECOND STAGE TEMPERATURE K Operating Points of the PT415 Cooler The measured test data is from Tom Painter of Florida State University.

7. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-157 PT415 Cooler Rotary Valve and Motor Rotary Valve Motor Rotary Valve

8. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-158 Typical Tube Cooler Compressor Package

9. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-159 A Comparison of the PT415 Cooler with the RDK-415D Cooler

10. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1510 Advantages of the Pulse Tube Cooler More cooling on 1st stage at a given temperature. Faster cool down of cooler and load. Same performance at 50 Hz as at 60 Hz. There is lower cold head vibration (a factor of >30). There is a longer maintenance interval with less loss of performance between maintenances. Can use snap-in integration with a magnet. Remote valve motor permits cold head operation in magnetic fields of 1 to 2 T. Liquefaction rate is higher than other cooler types. Lower magnetic distortion due to cooler pulsation.

11. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1511 Advantages of the GM Cooler Orientation of the cooler cold head is not an issue. Cooler cold head assembly is smaller. Compressor module takes up less space. There is lower input power to the compressor for a given amount of refrigeration. As a result, less cooling water needed for the compressor. The machine capital cost is lower.

12. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1512 Performance Comparison of the RDK-415D and the PT415 Coolers at 50 Hz * The remote valve is 1.0 meters from the cooler cold head. *

13. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1513 Size Comparison of the RDK- 415D and the PT415 Coolers * * The remote valve is 1 meter from the cold head. The buffer tank is with the remote rotary valve. The cold head height is the top flange and the cold parts of the machine.

14. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1514 The Magnetic Field on the Cooler Is it an important issue?

15. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1515 PT415 Pulse Tube Displacer <0.08 T perpendicular Displacer <0.3 T parallel Displacer Motor <0.08 TValve Motor <0.1 T Regenerator <1.5 T Places where Magnetic Field is a Concern

16. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1516 Worst Case Field Map Flip Mode for AFC Module (radial) From H. Witte & J. Cobb Oxford University

17. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1517 Worst Case Field Map Flip Mode for AFC Module (axial) From H. Witte & J. Cobb Oxford University

18. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1518 Worst Case Field Map Non-flip Mode for AFC Module (radial) From H. Witte & J. Cobb Oxford University

19. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1519 Worst Case Field Map Non-flip Mode for AFC Module (axial) From H. Witte & J. Cobb Oxford University

20. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1520 The Cooler Magnetic Field Issue RDK-415D Displacers from Y. Matsubara ICEC-20 Proceedings (2005) p 189 A magnetic field perpendicular to the moving displacer increases wear and reduces the GM cooler maintenance interval. The field parallel to the displacer can be four times the perpendicular field. A magnetic field on the cooler motors causes the motors to stall. The RDK-415D AC motor is a little more sensitive to field than the PT415 stepper motor. Neither motor will operate in fields much above 0.1 T. Motor shielding is an option for both coolers. Magnetic field saturates the regenerator material at ~1.5 T. This reduces the output at 4.2 K 10 to 15 percent. Private communication Geoff Green, NRL

21. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1521 PT-410 Pulse Tube Cooler Valve Motor The PT410 or PT415 valve motor can be shielded to operate in a field of 0.5 T. Cryomech will provide a custom shield for the valve motor at minimal cost.

22. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1522 PT415 Cooler Remote Motor without Surge Tanks Rotary Valve Motor Rotary Valve The surge tank should be attached to the rotary valve.

23. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1523 Comments on Magnetic Shielding Iron shielding of the displacer tube on a GM cooler is difficult. The field perpendicular to the tube must be kept below 0.08 T for long life. Iron shielding of the rotary valve on a pulse tube cooler is easier than shielding the motor assembly of a GM cooler. The valve motor shield would be included with the pulse tube cooler. The rotary valve can be moved to a low field region away from the cooler by 1 meter if the field at the valve is greater than 0.4 to 0.5 T Shielding of the 2nd stage regenerator is not necessary if the field on the regenerator is <1.5T.

24. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1524 Snap-in Integration of the Pulse Tube Cooler to the Magnet

25. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1525 Snap-on Coolers for the Magnets Since the magnets will be cooled down with liquid cryogens, the pulse tube coolers can be installed in the magnets just before they are cooled down. The condenser is attached to the second stage of the PT cooler. (This is included in the price of the cooler.) The PT cooler is connected directly into the LHe space of the cryostat. The PT cooler will reduce the cooler neck heat leak over a factor of 5. The PT coolers can be removed without warming up the magnets. A new cooler can be installed and cooled down without warming the magnets

26. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1526 2nd Stage Cold Head Helium Condenser Q/A = ~40 W m -2

27. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1527 Snap-on Integration continued Snap-on integration is doable when GM cooler is used. The cooler neck heat losses are much higher. This will affect the overall performance of the cooler and magnet combination. Snap-on integration of a PT cooler to the absorber is possible provided one can eliminate air leaks into the hydrogen space. An liquid absorber cooler should be designed for hydrogen and helium liquefaction. I am willing to work with Cryomech to see how this might be accomplished safely.

28. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1528 Hydrogen and Helium Liquefaction with a Pulse Tube Cooler

29. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1529 The H 2 and He Liquefaction Problem The goal is to fill absorber with LH 2 using the cooler in 15 to 24 hours. One wants to fill the absorber with LHe in about 24 hours using the cooler. This means that the H 2 or He gas must be pre-cooled by the cooler before it can be liquefied*. The pre- cooling rate is >100 W for H 2 and >50 W for He. The pre-cooling is applied through a heat exchanger attached to the 1st stage or the tube between the 1st and 2nd stages and or a liquid nitrogen pre-cooler. The heat exchangers can not be part of the hydrogen vent circuit. * See MICE notes 108 and 113 concerning the need for this heat exchanger.

30. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1530 Why is the type of cooler used important? The only way that one can pre-cool the gas being liquefied using a GM cooler is to attach a laminar flow heat exchanger to the 1st stage. LN 2 cooling should also be used. With a pulse tube cooler, one can pre-cool off of the regenerator tubes of both stages. Liquefaction using the pulse tube cooler is much more efficient. Using the pulse tube cooler, the neck heat leak into the cryostat is reduced by over a factor of five. This benefit is not available from a GM cooler.

31. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1531 The Cryomech PT410 used as a Liquefier A PT-410 cooler (1 W @ 4.2 K) was used. The actual cooler capacity is not known Input power = 8 kW @ 60 Hz Liquefaction into a 60 liter storage dewar. The heat leak into the dewar is unknown The liquefaction rate for helium gas was 15.2 l/d (0.022 g/s). Dewar cool down took ~20 hrs until liquid accumulation starts. The start temperature is not known. The data was published in Cryogenics 45 (2005), pp 719-724

32. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1532 The Cryomech Helium Liquefier Now a Commercial Product

33. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1533 PT410 Helium Liquefier for the South Pole Dewar Liquefaction Pot 2nd Stage Helium Heat Exchanger 1st Stage 1st Stage Tubes Rotary Valve Assembly Pulse Tubes

34. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1534 60 He Liter Test Dewar for the South Pole Station PT410 Helium Liquefier In a wide mouth 60 liter dewar, the He liquefier makes up to 15 liters per day. The 4000 liter South Pole dewar had a boil off rate of 14 liters per day w/o a cooler. With the PT410 liquefier, there is a net liquefaction of 2 to 3 liters per day.

35. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1535 He Liquefaction using a Pulse Tube Cooler, Two GM Coolers and Two GM Coolers with a J-T Circuit

36. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1536 Capital Cost and Operating Cost Issues

37. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1537 Cooler Cost and Other Related Issues The manufacturer’s list price in the US for a 1.5 W Sumitomo GM cooler is 37.5 k$. The list price for the Cryomech PT cooler is 46.0 k$. The cooler list price is like the MSRP on a car. The price can be negotiated lower, particularly when one orders multiple coolers. Part of the PT cooler higher price is the larger He compressor. The PT cold head is simpler, so its cost should be lower. Much of the higher price for the PT cooler is due to the lower production rate at Cryomech (500 units per year versus 10000+ units per year at Sumitomo).

38. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1538 Cost and other issues continued The capital cost of the cooler is not the only thing that should be considered. The maintenance interval and the cost of maintenance should also be considered. The method of installation of the cooler on the magnets will affect the cost of the magnet cryostat. I believe that the use of the PT cooler on the magnets will reduce the cost of the magnets enough to offset the increased cooler price. The PT compressor can be located 30 to 40 meters from the cooler cold head.

39. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1539 Concluding Comments The PT415 cooler is now in production. The PT415 cooler is larger than the RDK-415D GM cooler. The diameter of the top flange is not very different. The cold portion of the PT cooler is not very different either. Pulse tube coolers are less sensitive to magnetic field, particularly when a remote valve is used. Snap-in installation into the magnets is a plus. More engineering is needed to see if this feature can be applied to the absorbers. Pulse tube coolers work very well as liquefiers.

40. MICE Collaboration Meeting CM-1540 Is the the pulse tube cooler a must or is it simply better for the MICE AFC module? In my opinion, the pulse tube cooler is a must if one wants to fill an absorber using the cooler. For the magnets, the pulse tube cooler is better in many respects, but not all. The pulse tube cooler is a must for the coupling coils.