1. Popular Music of Brazil: Samba

2. Samba “Tudo acaba em samba” Afro-Brazilian urban popular song/dance form Origins in rural roda de samba: –Participatory –Accompanied by improvised songs and percussion instruments –Style: syncopated, call and response vocals, open-ended forms, musical interlock, diatonic melodies

3. Types of Samba Carnival samba (e.g. samba batucada and samba enredo) –Characterized by heavy percussion, songs about themes presented in Carnival (Year-round) samba –Characterized by light percussion and plucked string accompaniment (guitar, cavaquinho) –Songs often satiric, witty, improvised

4. Musical Characteristics 2/4 time, emphasis on second beat (as played by surdo drums) Other percussion plays interlocking, syncopated lines Songs are strophic; major or minor keys; usually easy to sing Chords limited to triads or seven chords

5. Carnival Samba Arose in Rio de Janeiro, early 1900s Part of pre-Lenten festivities (called “Carnival:)” Associated in past with poor Afro- Brazilians; “street music” vs. music of the salon

6. Carnival Escolas de samba: large musical organizations, includes percussionists, singers, dancers, samba composers, choreographers, designers Determine theme, compose song, design float and costumes Compete during parade

7. Carnival and the State Before 1930, Afro-Brazilian instruments (drums; pandeiro) and cultural practices (e.g. candomble; capoeira) were banned. 1930 – dictator Getulio Vargas begins subsidizing samba schools (approx. 15) in exchange for cooperation with gov’t Samba schools have made Carnival in Rio a major tourist attraction

8. Escolas de Samba Mangueira (1929; colors: pink and green) Portela (1935; colors: blue and white)

9. Samba Batucada Instruments of the Batería: –Surdo drums (basic pulse in 2 divided among three sizes of surdo) –Pandeiro (sixteenth- note division) –Cuíca (accents) –Tamborim (syncopation) –Caíxa (snare drum)

10. Samba Batucada Rhythms

11. Samba Songs Upbeat songs, in 2/4 with light percussion (pandeiro; tamborim; cuica) Emphasis on voice Lyrics are about samba; love; sometimes social commentary Carmen Miranda (1909- 1955); film and recording star; introduced Brazilian music to world

12. Samba de Morro Also called “roots samba” to distinguish it from commercialized samba Sung by “sambistas”(singer/ composer of samba) Instruments: guitar, pandeiro, tamborim, surdo, cavaquinho Ismael Silva Nelson Sargento