1. CREATING DEVIANCE: Both conformity and deviance are shaped by society How does one become deviant?  What causes someone to engage in the deviant behavior in the first place?  How does someone come to adopt the deviant identity?  What factors predict a deviant label?

2. SOCIETIES CREATE DEVIANCE….How?  Deviant Act Society creates deviance in a few ways: Society creates deviance in a few ways: societal arrangements create conditions for deviant actssocietal arrangements create conditions for deviant acts Societies create rules and sanctions for rule violationSocieties create rules and sanctions for rule violation  Self-Concept/labeling Formed in relation to other people because we identify with institutions in society and significant others Formed in relation to other people because we identify with institutions in society and significant others Internalize subtle cues and overt cues Internalize subtle cues and overt cues Power to deflect a deviant label is unequally distributed Power to deflect a deviant label is unequally distributed

3. Differential Social Power  Power to apply or deflect a deviant label is not equally available Saints and roughnecks article Saints and roughnecks article Police & the black male article Police & the black male article

4. Homicide victims by race: 49% are white 49% are African American 2% other

6. Self Concept  Framed by “social comparisons” Evaluate selves by comparing selves to others Evaluate selves by comparing selves to others Examples: think about how you’d describe yourself Examples: think about how you’d describe yourself Which are based on objective informationWhich are based on objective information Which are relative?Which are relative? Relative to what? Relative to what?

7. Perspectives  FUNCTIONALISM Socialization is the primary mechanism for integrating people into society Socialization is the primary mechanism for integrating people into society Much socialization is successful; sometimes it does not work properly, which leads to deviance Much socialization is successful; sometimes it does not work properly, which leads to deviance Deviance is result of role and value conflicts, societal dysfunction Deviance is result of role and value conflicts, societal dysfunction We need conformity for society to functionWe need conformity for society to function We need social control to functionWe need social control to function

8. Objectivism/Constructionism  Constructionist Approach: Deviance is whatever is collectively defined Deviance is whatever is collectively defined labelinglabeling  Objectivist Approach: Deviance is whatever causes harm Deviance is whatever causes harm Functionalist theoryFunctionalist theory Conflict theoryConflict theory

9. Conflict Perspective  Harm is the injustice done to large groups of marginalized people Socialization & laws support the interests of the dominant order or class Socialization & laws support the interests of the dominant order or class Socialization can be coercive or subtle (mass media) Socialization can be coercive or subtle (mass media) Socialization is a way to ensure that the unequal divisions in society remain Socialization is a way to ensure that the unequal divisions in society remain

10. Symbolic Interactionist  Socialization is how we get our self-concepts  We learn who we are through our interactions with others  We learn to be deviant or learn our deviant identities from others Much deviant behavior is learned in a social process (learning theory) Much deviant behavior is learned in a social process (learning theory) Deviant labels effect our self-concepts (labeling theory) Deviant labels effect our self-concepts (labeling theory)

11. LABELING THEORY  Howard Becker and Edwin Lemert (1960s)  Combines Conflict and Symbolic Interaction How so? How so? Deviance is not something in the act itself but in the labeling of the act and the actor Deviance is not something in the act itself but in the labeling of the act and the actor Labels involve social powerLabels involve social power Deviance is dependent upon audience interpretation Deviance is dependent upon audience interpretation Most deviance undetected (so does that deviance even exist?) Most deviance undetected (so does that deviance even exist?) Deviant labels have consequences for individual self-identity Deviant labels have consequences for individual self-identity Self-fulfilling prophecySelf-fulfilling prophecy

12. Labeling Theory says:Labeling Theory says: Everyone deviates Everyone deviates So “why” is not important questionSo “why” is not important question The categories of deviant/non-deviant are socially constructed (i.e. made up by people, not intrinsically real) The categories of deviant/non-deviant are socially constructed (i.e. made up by people, not intrinsically real)

13.  Labeling theory argues that a negative label will enhance one’s deviance by Exacting consequences that affect life chances Exacting consequences that affect life chances Changing self-concept in such a way as to make deviant status one’s “master status” Changing self-concept in such a way as to make deviant status one’s “master status” Primary deviancePrimary deviance Secondary devianceSecondary deviance Labeling creates a self-fulfilling prophecy Labeling creates a self-fulfilling prophecy

14. Assumptions of Labeling Theory  Variety of causes or influences lead to initial (primary) deviance  Official label after detection  Labeling changes self-concept/identity  Continued involvement in deviance Amplification of deviance (secondary deviance) Amplification of deviance (secondary deviance)

15. Becker’s Typology NOT LABELED LABELED RULE ABIDING Conforming Citizen Falsely Accused RULE BREAKING Secret Deviant “Pure” Deviant

16. Evidence?  What does labeling theory explain? Those formally processed Those formally processed  What does it not explain? Lots! Lots! Deviant careers can develop without labeling Deviant careers can develop without labeling embezzlement, secret sexual lives, white collar crimeembezzlement, secret sexual lives, white collar crime Applies mostly to lower income crimesApplies mostly to lower income crimes Tertiary deviance= social movement formation, political activism, resistanceTertiary deviance= social movement formation, political activism, resistance  Evidence re: juveniles

17. Question… Which do you think is true? If there are two kids who get picked up by police for knocking over a mailbox. Kid A gets released to his parents; Kid B gets processed in juvenile court. 1.Kid A is more likely to become an adult criminal 2. Kid B is more likely to become an adult criminal

18. Learning theory  Differential Association Theory Deviance is learned Deviance is learned Face to face interaction with othersFace to face interaction with others “excess of definitions favorable to committing crimes”“excess of definitions favorable to committing crimes” Opposes biological models Opposes biological models Opposes idea that deviance caused by mental illnessOpposes idea that deviance caused by mental illness