1. Optical potential in electron- molecule scattering Roman Čurík Some history or “Who on Earth can follow this?” Construction of the optical potential or “Who needed that molecule anyway?” Static and Polarization or “Is this good for anything?” What changes with Pauli principle? or “Someone should really paint those electrons with different colors”

2. History 1956 – W.B.Riesenfeld and K.M. Watson summarized Perturbation expansions for energy of many-particle systems. Different choices of O leads to different perturbation methods: - Brillouin-Wigner - Rayleigh-Schrödinger - Tanaka-Fukuda - Feenberg

3. 1958 – M.H. Mittleman and K.M. Watson applied Feenberg perturbation method for electron-atom scattering with exchange effects neglected 1958 – Feshbach method 1959 – B.A. Lippmann, M.H.Mittleman and K.M. Watson included Pauli’s exclusion principle into electron-atom scattering formalism 197X – C.J.Joachain and simplified Feenberg method without exchange

4. N+1 electron scattering r1r1 r2r2 rNrN r molecule Nuclear mass >> mass of electrons Vibrations and rotations of molecule not considered Electronically elastic scattering scattered electron N electrons M nuclei Formulation in CMS

5. Total hamiltonian H is split into free part H 0 and a “perturbation” V:

6. Initial and final free states:

7. Exact solution can be provided by N+1 electron Lippmann-Schwinger equation Function describes both the elastic and inelastic scattering. For example it can be expanded in diabatic expansion over states of the target as:

8. Since we don’t have any rearrangement and target remains in the same electronic state, can we reduce the size of the problem and formulate scattering equations as for scattering of a single electron by some single- electron optical potential? where corresponds to the elastic (coherent) part of the total wave function.

9. We define projection operator onto ground states: Elastic part can be obtained by projection Full N+1 L-S equations for are

10. By applying from the left we get where the elastic part of the T operator can be defined as follows,

11. We have projected L-S equation Definition of optical potential gives desired form or

12. Thus the optical potential V opt is defined as an operator which, through the Lippmann-Schwinger equation leads to the exact transition matrix T C corresponding to the elastic scattering of the incident particle by the molecule. Finally we project above equation onto the ground state of molecule via and the single-electron equation is obtained:

13. Where is a single-particle optical potential obtained by The definition of V opt does not imply that optical potential is an Hermitian operator. In fact, hermitian V opt would lead to T C such that is unitary. In fact after applying of machinery of optical theorem it can be shown that

14. Optical potential and the many-body problem Following the method of Watson et al we introduce an operator F such that Thus, in contrast with Π 0, the new operator F reconstructs the full many-body wave function from its elastic scattering part. In order to connect it with many-body problem we start from the full N+1 electron L-S equation:

15. and apply Π 0 from left thus the optical potential, which does not act on the internal coordinates of the target, is given by

16. In order to determine we must therefore find the operator F. To carry out this we just play with above equations with extracted from above we get

17. or finally This is an exact L-S equation for F, which can be solved in few ways: –2 body scattering matrices lead to Watson equations –Perturbation Born series in powers of the interaction V, namely Once again, single particle optical potential was

18. so the optical potential is given in perturbation series as

19. Optical potential for the molecules First order term leads in so-called Static-Exchange Approximation with exchange part still missing because Pauli exclusion effects have been neglected so far with

20. HF approximation Let’s take first term:

21. Thus the first order optical potential provides the static (and exchange) potential generated by nuclei and fixed bound state wave function of the molecule: with HF density

22. How good is Static (-Exchange) Approximation? Static (-Exchange) approximation leads to correct interaction at very small distances from nuclei. Therefore one can expect results improving with higher collision energies ( > 10 eV) and for larger scattering angles that are ruled by electrons with small impact parameters. is Hermitian and therefore no electronically inelastic processes can be described by this term.

23. (Correlation -) Polarization We notice that where n runs over all intermediate states of the target except the ground state. Then

24. Adiabatic approximation assumes that the change of kinetic energy may be neglected comparing to excitation energies w n -w 0, then Adiabatic approximation is local (non-local properties have been removed with kinetic energy operator neglected in denominator) and real. So again does not account for the removal of particles from elastic channel above excitation threshold.

25. Angular expansion of the Coulomb operator gives approximate expression

26. The adiabatic approximation to second order optical potential then becomes where is the dipole polarizability of the molecule. Thus we see if the orbital relaxation caused by strongest second order of interaction V is allowed, rise of a long-range potential behaved as r -4 can be noticed.

27. Approximation of the average excitation energy Introducing complete set of plane waves we obtain:

28. The effect of Pauli principle We define asymptotic states of l-th electron being in continuum as (0-th coordinate stands for scattered particle now) Our scattering problem can be defined via solutions of full N+1 electron Schrödinger equation where is antisymmetric in all pairs of electrons.

29. A boundary condition must be added to fix uniquely. The physics of the problem dictates the boundary condition: As r l approaches infinity, for l arbitrary, approaches the asymptotic form For evaluation of cross section we need to calculate the flux of the scattered electrons “0” only.

30. That is, all the N+1 particles enter the problem symmetrically. Each of them at infinity carries the same ingoing and the same outgoing flux. Hence the total flux is N+1 times the flux of one particle. Since only the out/in ration of fluxes appear in cross section it is sufficient to calculate the flux of particle 0 alone. Or, we may regard particle 0 as distinguishable in obtaining scattering cross section from. The flux of “0” electrons scattered is calculated from

31. Final expressions for the optical potential for undistinguishable particles have very similar form This time V is modified interaction potential: where swaps 0-th and i-th electrons. Thus the additional exchange term has in coordinate representation form (HF orbitals assumed):

32. Exchange part is non-local and short-range interaction as can be seen from its effect on wave function Second order using HF approximation leads to the sum of 2 terms, called polarization and correlation contributions as follows:

33. Introducing complete set of plane waves we obtain:

34. V (1) 0 excitations (only ground state) V (2) single excitations V (3) double excitations V (N) …..