1. Chapter 13: Antitrust and Regulation

2. Antitrust policy Sherman Act (1890) Outlaws contracts and conspiracies in restraint of trade Forbids monopolization Does not describe what is prohibited Clayton Act (1914) Bans price discrimination designed to limit competition Prohibits tying and exclusive dealing contracts Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) Established the FTC to administer antitrust laws

3. Antitrust enforcement 1890-1914 – little enforcement Through 1945 – “rule of reason” – size alone was not sufficient evidence of an antitrust violation 1945 – Alcoa case – per se rule 1980s – return to rule of reason 1990s – stricter enforcement 2000 onward – less strict enforcement

4. Herfindahl index Herfindahl index = sum of squared market shares (as percentages) (varies from 0 to 10,000) Justice Department guidelines < 1000 – highly competitive Between 1000 and 1800 – moderately competitive > 1800 – highly concentrated

5. Global antitrust Growing volume of international trade makes antitrust regulation more complex (due to different laws in different countries)

6. Other regulation Economic regulation Antitrust laws Laws affecting price and output Social regulation Health and safety standards Workplace safety Environmental standards Etc.

7. Costs and benefits of regulations Cost estimates are in the range of $400 - $800 billions Benefits – gains to society

8. Deregulation airlines and trucking – 1970s Banking – 1980s

9. SEC Securities and Exchange Commission – created in 1934 Requires reporting of annual financial reports in standard format Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Auditing and consulting services must be provided by different firms. Required the CEO to sign financial statements