1. Computational Methods for Nano-scale Optics Advisor: Prof. Yehuda Leviatan Amit Hochman Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology.

2. Introduction Nano-scale optical devices have features smaller than the wavelength of visible light (350nm – 700nm, in air). Manipulation of light at this scale opens up a very broad range of new devices and functionalities. Analysis requires rigorous electromagnetic treatment by efficient computational methods. Ray-optics and similar approximations are inadequate. Samjic et al., Opt. Express., 11, 1378 (2003). Light intensity in a bent photonic-crystal waveguide

3. Introduction Nano-optical devices: Waveguides and optical circuitry. Photonic Crystal Waveguide splitter Charlton et al., Mat. Sci. Eng., B74, 17 (2000). Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopes.

4. Introduction Optically driven nano-machines. Cloaking devices. Integrated Optical Motor Kelemen et al., Appl. Opt., 45, 2777 (2006). Pendry et al., Science, 23, 1780 (2006).

5. Introduction Photonic-crystal fibers. Russell, Science 299 (2003). W. Barnes et al., Nature 424, 824 (2003). Plasmonic devices.

6. Outline Aspects of computational methods. Examples from our research: Photonic-Crystal Fibers (PCFs). The Source-Model Technique Package. Plasmonic devices. Summary.

7. Aspects of computational methods The analysis of nano- scale optical devices usually requires solving Maxwell’s equations in complex geometries. This tends to be computationally intensive. Therefore, highly-efficient solution methods are in high demand. Fast analysis tools are essential for synthesis (i.e. design), which usually requires repeated analyses of similar structures. Designing a waveguide bend Devices require careful modeling (and fabrication)…

8. Aspects of computational methods General purpose, commercial software packages can solve a wide range of problems, and are adequate in some cases. However, there is a trade-off between generality and efficiency/accuracy.

9. Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCFs) Photonic Crystal Fibers or Holey Fibers are a new class of fibers, characterized by microscopic holes (or veins) running parallel to the fiber axis. They are manufactured by heating a macroscopic structured–preform (typically a few centimeters in diameter), and drawing it down to the required dimensions (typically 125 µm). Russell, Science 299 (2003).

10. PCFs – some features Hollow core PCFs Light is guided in air. This is good for: Sensing applications. Particle acceleration applications. High-power delivery (medical applications). Solid core PCFs High nonlinearities with small input power. Single mode guidance. Tunable group velocity dispersion. Broadband light sources for various applications (Optical Coherence Tomography, spectroscopy).

11. The Source-Model Technique Package The SMTP is freely available for download. In a comparison made with other methods (as part of an EU scientific collaboration exercise) the SMTP yielded the best accuracy per computation resources. Written in M ATLAB. Includes a graphical user interface.

12. The Source-Model Technique A generalization of image theory. In contrast to more general methods, like Finite Difference\Element methods, a piecewise homogeneous cross- section is assumed. This allows an economic representation of the electromagnetic field. In contrast to more restrictive methods, like the multipole method, boundaries can be arbitrarily shaped. Piecewise homogeneous PCF cross-section.

13. Sample results – leaky modes Very leaky Slightly less leaky Longitudinal component of the electric field.

14. A gas sensor Gas is allowed to infiltrate the holes. Light guided by the fiber is absorbed at wavelengths characteristic to the gas. The fraction of light in the holes is an important factor. Absorption spectrum (acetylene) Computed light intensity Cross-section of fiber

15. Other structures analyzed

16. Plasmonic Waveguides Plasmonics deals with the interaction of light and metals, which under certain conditions resembles the interaction of light with an electron plasma. Plasmonic Waveguides are long cylinders of arbitrary cross-section, made from noble metals that have a plasma-like permittivity function. Ditlbacher et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 257403 (2005). Silver nanowire Light intensity around a silver nano-cylinder.

17. Optical waveguides and interconnects of small cross-section. Arrays of PWs may have a negative index of refraction. W. Barnes et al., Nature 424, 824 (2003) What are PWs good for? V. Podolsky et al., Opt. Express. 11, 735 (2003).

18. 2. Modal analysis in free-space Basic modeling scenarios 1. Scattering in free-space 4. Modal analysis near layered media 3. Scattering near layered media

19. A few results (validation) Magnitude of |H z |, near a silver PW. Results obtained by Rockstuhl et al. Results obtained with the SMT: C. Rockstuhl, et al., J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 20, 1969 (2003).

20. Coupling results for PWs Coupling of a beam of light to a silver PW under a prism. Value shown is the magnitude of H x (t) at some instant in time. Permittivity of silver taken from Johnson and Christy [6].

21. Summary Nano-optical structures open up a broad range of new devices and functionalities. Their analysis and design requires the development of efficient computational tools. A few examples of our work on photonic- crystal fibers and plasmonic waveguides have been shown.

22. Thank you