1. Clocks & Asynchronous Events

2. Overview Clocks  API  Implementation Asynchronous Events  API  Single Threaded Model  Multi-Threaded Model  Code Walkthrough  Demo

3. Clocks Real-Time Specification Classes:  Clock getRealtimeClock() getResolution() getTime() setResolution()

4. Implementation oClocks are represented by a c struct: struct clockStruct { htimetime; htimeresolution; /*intthreadID; /* ID of the thread instantiating this clock */ struct clockStruct *nextClock;/* linked list */ THREAD TimerQueue; /* queue of threads waiting on this clock */ }; typedef struct clockStruct CLOCK;

5. Implementation Multiple clocks allow:  Events to be checked at different frequencies  More efficiency

6. Asynchronous Events An asynchronous event represents something that can happen. It can have a set of handlers associated with it. When the event occurs, the handler is scheduled by the scheduler.

7. Real-Time Specification The RTSJ includes a number of classes for dealing with Asynchronous Events.  AsyncEvent  AsyncEventHandler  Interruptable

8. AsyncEvent Methods  addHandler(asyncEventHandler handler)  bindTo(java.lang.String happening)  Fire()

9. AsyncEventHandler Code which is run in response to an event A java.lang.Runnable with a set of parameters Similar to a RealTimeThread

10. Basic Problem with a Single Thread Time scheduler Thread 1Thread 2

11. Basic Problem with a Single Thread Time scheduler Thread 1 Event Occurs Thread 2

12. Basic Problem with a Single Thread Time scheduler Thread 1 Event Occurs Event Handled Thread 2

13. This shows how the KVM currently works. Events are put into a queue. Queue is polled periodically at rescheduling. Allows context switching to be implementation independent. Basic Problem with a Single Thread

14. Problems with this model Asynchronous events should be handled very quickly. If the current thread does not yield, the VM hangs.

15. Solution When an event happens, the currently executing thread should be switched out of context and the event handler switched in.

16. Asynchronous Events Thread 1 Scheduler Event Handler Time

17. Asynchronous Events Thread 1 Scheduler Event Handler Time

18. Asynchronous Events Thread 1 Scheduler Event Handler Time

19. Asynchronous Events Thread 1 Scheduler Event Handler Time

20. Asynchronous Events Thread 1 Scheduler Event Handler Time

21. Asynchronous Events Thread 1 Scheduler Event Handler Time

22. Asynchronous Events using Signals This method for handling asynchronous events uses multiple threads. An external thread sends a signal to the KVM where it is caught by a signal handler. External Thread KVM Thread Signal Handler Signal

23. Demo Overview TwoThreadsTest.java SimpleThread.java Java.lang.thread sleep(); nativeCore.c Java_lang_Thread_sleep(); Java C

24. TwoThreadsTest.java class TwoThreadsTest { public static void main (String[] args) { new SimpleThread("Jamaica").start(); new SimpleThread("Fiji").start(); new SimpleThread("Taiti").start(); new SimpleThread("Hawaii").start(); } }

25. SimpleThread.java class SimpleThread extends Thread { String name; public SimpleThread(String str) { super(); name = new String(str); } public void run() { for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) { System.out.println(i + " " + name); try { sleep((int)(1000)); } catch (InterruptedException e) {} } System.out.println("DONE! " + name); }

26. Java/lang/thread.java public static native void sleep(long millis) throws InterruptedException;

27. Kvm/VmCommon/src/nativeCore.c void Java_java_lang_Thread_sleep(void) { long64 period; popLong(period); /* only block if the time period is not zero */ if (ll_zero_ge(period)) { /* Copy CurrentThread because suspendThread clears it */ THREAD thisThread = CurrentThread; /* Suspend the current thread before we add the timer */ suspendThread(); /* Now add the timer (this is the safe way) */ registerAlarm(thisThread, period, resumeThread); } else { raiseException("java/lang/IllegalArgumentException"); } }

28. Signal Handlers: registerAlarm() adds a thread to TimerQueue TimerQueue is a Queue of threads sorted by wakeupTime To handle timer events, we start a new thread clockThread which checks the TimerQueue and sends a signal to the JVM when a timer has expired. When a signal is received by the VM, execution is interrupted and the signal handler clock_signal_handler() is called. clock_signal_handler() switches the waiting thread back into context.

29. Demo Overview (2) RTClock_md(); KVM Thread Signal Handler SIGUSR1 Clock_signal_handler();

30. Kvm/VmUnix/src/runtime_md.c /*===================================================== * FUNCTION: InitializeRTClock * TYPE: initialization * OVERVIEW: called from StartJVM.c to start a seperate clock * thread for RT clock interrupt * INTERFACE: * parameters: none * returns: none *===================================================*/ void InitializeRTClock() { pthread_t clockThread; pthread_create(&clockThread, NULL, RTClock_md, NULL); printf("* Initialize RTClock done\n"); }

31. Kvm/VmUnix/src/runtime_md.c /*================================================================= * FUNCTION: RTClock_md * TYPE: Machine dependent function * OVERVIEW: runs in a seperate pthread to send interrupts for timer events *================================================================*/ void *RTClock_md(void *p) { ulong64 now, nextTimer; for(;;) { if (TimerQueue != NULL) { now = CurrentTime_md(); enterSystemCriticalSection(); nextTimer = GET_ULONG(TimerQueue->wakeupTime); exitSystemCriticalSection(); if (ll_compare_le(nextTimer, now)) { kill(0, 10); /* send signal SIGUSR1 */ } } } /* RTClock_md */

32. Kvm/VmUnix/src/runtime_md.c /*================================================ * FUNCTION: clock_signal_handler * TYPE: RT clock * OVERVIEW: called when we receive a signal from the * clock thread * INTERFACE: * parameters: signal * returns: none *=============================================*/ static void clock_signal_handler(int sig) { reschedule(); }

33. Kvm/VmCommon/h/events.h #define reschedule() \ printf("Rescheduling...\n"); \ do { \ ulong64 wakeupTime; \ if (!areAliveThreads()) { \ return; /* end of program */ \ } \ checkTimerQueue(&wakeupTime); \ BetterHandleEvent(wakeupTime); \ __ProcessDebugCmds(0); \ } while (!SwitchThread());

34. OS Limitations Linux does not support some threading functions:  Suspend  Resume These are supported by:  OpenBSD  RT-Linux  Solaris  Timesys Linux