1. Introduzione alla logistica

2. Definition of Logistics
European Logistics Association (ELA):
“The planning, execution and control of the movements and placement of people and/or goods, and the supporting activities related to such movement and placement within a system organized to achieve specific objectives.”
Logistics is difficult to define because it is ubiquitous and evolving.
Logistics no longer concerns only the handling of materials and information; it now has a more expansive concept—a collection of services that facilitate the economic transactions associated with production and trade.
It encompasses not only the physical movement of goods (e.g., procurement, transport, consolidation, transshipment, storage, and packaging) but also the facilitation of this movement through the processing of documents, coordination among participants, monitoring of activities, and financing of transactions.
Closely linked to this concept of logistics is the concept of a supply chain, a combination of services that deliver inputs from suppliers to the point of production (inbound) or products from point of production to the marketplace and final consumer (outbound).

3. Popular logistics terms
Logistics Management
Business Logistics Management
Integrated Logistics Management
Materials Management
Physical Distribution Management
Marketing Logistics
Industrial Logistics

4. Civil logistics fields
Logistica industriale (business logistics)
Logistica delle rinfuse (bulk logistics)
Logistica del progetto (project logistics)
Logistica dei Sistemi Riparabili (RAM logistics)
Logistica degli eventi (Event logistics)
Logistica dei servizi (Service Logistics)
Business Logistics Logistica Industriale “Council of Logistics Management (USA)”: “That part of the supply chain process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption in order to meet customers' requirements."
Bulk Logistics (Logistica delle rinfuse). La gestione e la movimentazione di materiali alla rinfusa, generalmente materie prime quali petroli, carbone, cereali, ecc., in grossi quantitativi.
Project Logistics Logistica dei progetti La gestione ed il coordinamento delle operazioni di progettazione e di realizzazione di sistemi complessi (centrali elettriche, impianti chimici, ecc.).
RAM Logistics RAM dall’inglese Reliability, Availability, Maintainability. La gestione dei prodotti ad alta tecnologia (telecomunicazioni, velivoli, megacomputer, ecc.) per i quali sono essenziali caratteristiche quali l’affidabilità, la disponibilità e la manutenibilità.
Event Logistics Logistica dei grandi eventi. Network of activities, facilities, and personnel required to organize, schedule, and deploy the resources for an event to take place and to efficiently withdraw after the event.
Service Logistics Logistica dei servizi Acquisition, scheduling, and management of the facilities/assets, personnel, and materials to support and sustain a service operation or business.

5. Business Logistics Logistica Industriale
“Council of Logistics Management (USA)”
That part of the supply chain process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from point of origin to point of consumption in order to meet customers' requirements."

6. Logistics systems
A logistics system is made up of a set of facilities (nodes) linked by transport services (links) and information systems.
Facilities are sites where materials are processed, e.g. manufactured, stored, sorted, sold or consumed.

7. Nodes and links in a logistics system
Freight flow
Information flow

8. Global flows, nodes and networks

9. A logistics system Retail outlets Manufacturing RDC plant Supplier CDC
Assembly
CDC
RDC
Retail
outlets
Port

10. A global logistics system
Consolidator/freight forwarder, 3PL
Manufacturer
Port trucking
Home
Small parcel delivery
Warehouse: 3PL, deconsolidator, wholesaler, DC
Retailer

11. Facilities and transport
They include manufacturing and assembly centers, warehouses, distribution centers (DCs), transshipment points, transport terminals, retail outlets, mail sorting centers, garbage incinerators, dump sites, etc.
Transport services move materials between facilities using vehicles and equipment such as trucks, tractors, trailers, crews, pallets, containers, cars and trains.

12. Supply Chain Management SCM
Logistics focuses attention on coordinating the product, the information movement and the flow activities of an individual firms
Supply chain management is an expanded version of the logistics process that integrates product, information and cash flows among organization

13. Significance of logistics
Logistics is one of the most important activities in modern societies.
It has been estimated that the total logistics cost incurred by USA organizations in 2006 was 1,305 $ billion, corresponding to approximately 9,9 % of the USA Gross Domestic Product (GDP).

14. The U.S. Business Logistics System Cost $ Billions
Inventory Carrying Costs
446
Transport Costs
801
Shipper Related Costs 8
Logistics Administration 50
Total Logistics Costs
1,305

15. Inventory Carrying Costs $ B
Interest 93
Taxes, Obsolescence, Depreciation, Insurance
252
Warehousing
101
Subtotal
446

16. Transport Costs $ Billions
Motor Carriers
Truck – Intercity
Truck – Local
452
203
Subtotal
635
Other Carriers
Railroads
Water
Oil Pipelines
Air
Forwarders 54 37 10 38 27
166
Total
801

17. Logistics Cost as a % of GDP
Source: 18th Annual State of Logistics Report, 2007

18. Trend of logistics costs (US GDP%)

19. Logistics and Economy
Logistics is an important component of Gross Domestic product GDP.
The range is from 10 – 20% of GDP.
Logistics adds value by creating utility.
Utility is the value that an item or service has in fulfilling a want or need.

20. Trend of Logistics Costs
Logistics costs as a percentage of GDP have declined in US from 16 percent in 1980, to under 10 percent in 1999.
Early to mid-1970s saw the figure closer to 20 percent.
This reflects a serious improvement in the efficiency of logistics systems.

21. Total Business Inventories

22. Inventory Sales Ratio
Months of supply

23. Inventories are back down

24. %
Inventory as % of GDP
Year

25. Utility Creation in the Economy

26. Types of Utility
Form utility is the process of creating the good or service, or putting it in the proper form for the customer to use.
Possession utility is the value added to a item or service because the customer is able to take actual possession made possible by credit arrangements, loans and so on.

27. Type of Utility related to logistics
A product desired by consumers is in transit, in a warehouse or in another store, it does not create any utility for them, it needs two more utilities provided by logistics:
time utility is the value added by having a product or service when it is needed in the marketplace or within the organization;
place utility, which means having the item or service available where it is needed.

28. The Seven Rights of Logistics
The right product, publicized with the proper promotion and needed for consumption or production in the right quantity, must be to the right place at the right time in the right condition at the right cost for the right customer.

29. Key logistics activities
Customer service
Demand forecasting/planning
Inventory management
Logistics ICT
Material handling
Order processing
Packaging
Parts and service support
Plant and warehouse site selection
Procurement
Return goods handling
Reverse logistics
Traffic and transport
Warehousing and storage

30. Place/customer service level
Marketing
Place/customer service level
Logistica
Il marketing massimizza i profitti aziendali
La logistica minimizza i costi totali dati gli obiettivi di servizio al cliente

31. Place/customer service level
Costi del Marketing
Product/Service
Price
Promotion
Place/customer service level

32. Logistics Costs Luogo/livello di servizio cliente
Place/customer service level
Materiale inventariato
Inventory carrying costs
Trasporto
Transport
Acquisto/produzione lotti
Procurement/Lot prod.
Magazzino
Wharehouse
esecuzione ordine e informazione
Order processing and information

33. Luogo/livello di servizio cliente Place/customer service level
Servizio al cliente Customer service
Assistenza ricambi e servizi Parts and service support
Sostituzione prodotti in garanzia Return goods handling

34. Costi del materiale inventariato Inventory carrying costs
Gestione delle scorte Inventory management
Imballaggi Packaging
Smaltimento rifiuti o riciclaggio di materiale di scarto Reverse logistics

35. Costi di acquisto/produzione lotti Procurement/lot production costs
Movimentazione materiali Material Handling
Approvvigionamenti Procurement

36. The setup cost of lot quantity
Time required to set up a line or locate a supplier and place an order
Scrap due to setting up the production line
operating inefficiency as the line begins to run, or as a new suppliers is brought on board

37. Other components of lot quantity costs
Capacity lost due to downtime during changeover of line or changeover to a new supplier
material handling, scheduling and expediting
price differentials due to buying in different quantities
order costs associated with order placement and handling

38. Costi di trasporto Transport costs
Trasporto dal punto di origine al punto di consumo
Trasporto rifiuti al punto di smaltimento
Trasporto del materiale di scarto al punto di riciclaggio

39. Costi di immagazzinamento Warehousing costs
Immagazinamento e deposito dei prodotti Warehousing and storage
Localizzazione del deposito e della azienda Plant and Warehouse site selection

40. The relevant inventory costs are those that vary with the amount
Capital cost, or opportunity cost, the return that the company could make on the money that it has tied up in inventory
Inventory service cost, insurance and taxes
warehousing space related costs
inventory risk cost, obsolescence, pilferage, relocation within the inventory system, and damage

41. Costi di esecuzione ordine e informazione Order processing and information costs
Gestione ordini Order processing
Comunicazioni nella rete logistica Logistics communicatios
Pianificazione e previsione della domanda Demand forecasting/planning

42. Questions (1)
What is the role and importance of logistics in private and public organizations?
Discuss the impact of logistics on the economy and how effective logistics management contributes to the vitality of the economy.
What is the value-added roles of logistics on both a macro and micro level?
Explain logistics systems from several perspectives.
What is the relationship between logistics and other important functional areas in an organization, including manufacturing, marketing, and finance?

43. Questions (2)
Discuss the importance of management activities in the logistics function.
Analyze logistics systems from several different perspectives to meet different objectives.
Determine the total costs and understand the cost tradeoffs in a logistics system.
Why does a push-based supply chain react more slowly to changing demand than a pull-based system?
What is the impact of product diversification (the increase in the number of product variants) on logistics systems planning and control.