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CHAPTER 10 Product Concepts
Lamb, Hair, McDaniel Chapter 9 Product Concepts CHAPTER 10 Product Concepts Marketing cannot be accomplished in isolation. Even though the marketing function resides with marketers, the concept of marketing must permeate the entire organization.
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Learning Outcomes LO 1 Define the term product
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Learning Outcomes LO 1 Define the term product LO 2 Classify consumer products LO 3 Define the terms product item, product line, and product mix LO 4 Describe marketing uses of branding
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Chapter 9 Product Concepts
Learning Outcomes LO 5 Describe marketing uses of packaging and labeling LO 6 Discuss global issues in branding and packaging LO 7 Describe how and why product warranties are important marketing tools
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Define the term product
Chapter 9 Product Concepts What Is a Product? Define the term product LO1
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What Is a Product? LO1 Product
Chapter 9 Product Concepts What Is a Product? Product Everything, both favorable and unfavorable, that a person receives in an exchange. Tangible Good Service Idea LO1
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Product is the starting point of Marketing Mix
Chapter 9 Product Concepts What Is a Product? Product is the starting point of Marketing Mix Promotion Place (Distribution) Price Product Notes: The product offering is the heart of an organization’s marketing program. Price, distribution, and promotion strategies can not be determined until the firm has a product to sell. A product is everything, both favorable and unfavorable, that a person receives in an exchange. Well-conceived price, distribution, and promotion strategies have little value without a strong product offering. LO1
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Types of Consumer Products
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Types of Consumer Products Classify consumer products LO2
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A product bought to satisfy an individual’s personal needs or wants
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Types of Products Business Product Consumer A product used to manufacture other goods or services, to facilitate an organization’s operations, or to resell to other consumers. A product bought to satisfy an individual’s personal needs or wants Notes: Products can be classified as either business or consumer products. The classification as a business or consumer product depends on the buyer’s intentions. LO2
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Types of Consumer Products
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Types of Consumer Products Unsought Products Specialty Shopping Convenience Consumer Business Notes: Chapter 6 described seven categories of business products: (have students name these) major equipment, accessory equipment, component parts, processed materials, raw materials, supplies, and services. Consumer products are classified into four types: convenience products, shopping products, specialty products, and unsought products. This approach organizes products by the effort used to shop for them. LO2
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Types of Consumer Products
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Types of Consumer Products Market Development Diversification Increase market share among existing customers Attract new customers to existing products Introduce new products into new markets Create new products for present markets Convenience Product Shopping Specialty Unsought A relatively inexpensive item that merits little shopping effort A product that requires comparison shopping, because it is usually more expensive and found in fewer stores A particular item for which consumers search extensively and are reluctant to accept substitutes A product unknown to the potential buyer or a known product that the buyer does not actively seek Discussion/Team Activity: Name products and services that fall into each of the consumer product categories: Convenience: candy, soft drinks, deodorant, aspirin, hardware, dry cleaning. Shopping: Homogeneous shopping products such as washers, dryers, televisions. Decisions are based on the lowest-priced brand with the desired features. Heterogeneous shopping products are essentially different, for example furniture, clothing, housing, universities. Decisions are highly-individual and based on “finding the best product for me.” Specialty: fine watches, expensive automobiles, gourmet restaurants. Unsought: new products, insurance, burial plots, encyclopedias. LO2
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Product Items, Lines, and Mixes
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Product Items, Lines, and Mixes Define the terms product item, product line, and product mix LO3
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Product Items, Lines, and Mixes
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Product Items, Lines, and Mixes Product Item Product Line Product Mix A specific version of a product that can be designated as a distinct offering among an organization’s products. A group of closely-related product items. All products that an organization sells. Notes: Rarely does a company sell a single product. Instead, it sells a variety of things that may be categorized into product lines and product mixes. LO3
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Campbell’s Product Lines and Mix
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Campbell’s Product Lines and Mix { } Notes: All of Campbell’s products constitute its product mix. Each product in the product mix may require a separate marketing strategy. In some cases, product lines and mixes share some marketing strategy components. Consider Nike’s theme, “Just Do It.” An example of Campbell’s product lines and product mix is shown in Exhibit 9.1. Discussion/Team Activity: Identify a few companies with extensive product lines and product mixes. Pick one and create a matrix similar to Exhibit Evaluate the marketing strategies in use. LO3
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Benefits of Product Lines
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Benefits of Product Lines Equivalent Quality Efficient Sales and Distribution Standardized Components Package Uniformity Advertising Economies Notes: Advertising economies: economies of scale in advertising (more impact for equivalent spending). Package uniformity: packages may have a common look but maintain individual identities. Standardized components: reductions in manufacturing and inventory costs. Efficient sales and distribution: a product line enables a full range of choices to customers, and as a result, better distribution and retail coverage. Equivalent quality: all products in a line are perceived as having similar quality. Discussion/Team Activity: Discuss product lines that demonstrate the above benefits. Some ideas include: Gillette, General Motors, Procter & Gamble, Mary Kay Cosmetics LO3
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Adjustments LO3 Adjustments to Product Items, Lines, and Mixes
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Adjustments Product Modification Product Repositioning Product Line Extension or Contraction Adjustments to Product Items, Lines, and Mixes Notes: Over time, updates in technical or product developments or environmental changes warrant changes to product items, lines, and mixes. The three strategies for making these changes are: Product Modification Product Repositioning Product Line Extension or Contraction LO3
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Types of Product Modifications
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Types of Product Modifications Quality Modification Functional Modification Style Modification Notes: Marketing managers must decide if and when to modify products. Product modification changes one or more of a product’s characteristics: Quality modification: change in a product’s dependability or durability. Functional modification: change in a product’s versatility, effectiveness, convenience, or safety. Style modification: an aesthetic product change (like color) rather than a quality or functional change. Planned obsolescence is a style modification change to make old products “obsolete” to the consumer. Planned Obsolescence: The practice of modifying products so those that have already been sold become obsolete before they actually need replacement. LO3
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Repositioning LO3 Why reposition established brands?
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Repositioning Changing Demographics Declining Sales Changes in Social Environment Why reposition established brands? Notes: The second way of adjusting product items, lines, and mixes is by repositioning. Repositioning changes consumers’ perceptions of a brand. Changing demographics, declining sales, or changes in the social environment often motivate firms to reposition established brands. LO3
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Product Line Extension
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Adding additional products to an existing product line in order to compete more broadly in the industry. Symptoms of Overextension Some products have low sales or cannibalize sales of other items Resources are disproportionately allocated to slow-moving products Items have become obsolete because of new product entries Notes: The third way of adjusting product items, lines, and mixes is by product line extensions, such as Coke’s seemingly endless line of diet colas, such as Diet Coke, Diet Coke with Splenda, Diet Coke with Lemon, Diet Vanilla Coke, Coke Light, Coke Zero, etc. A product’s line can also be extended by another industry. For example, a secondary industry to Nintendo’s new game console, Wii, has grown around one of the games’ most popular features—the Mii. The Mii lets users create their own on-screen game characters for certain games. One Tokyo entrepreneur has built a Web-based service, miistation.com, which will create look-alike characters for users based on a photograph. Other businesses create sculptures based on Mii characters or clothing with individual’s Miis printed on them. LO3
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Describe marketing uses of branding
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Branding Describe marketing uses of branding LO4
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The elements of a brand that The value of company and brand names
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Branding Brand Name Mark Equity That part of a brand that can be spoken, including letters, words, and numbers The elements of a brand that cannot be spoken The value of company and brand names Global Brand A brand where at least 20 percent of the product is sold outside its home country Discussion/Team Activity: What attributes make a good brand name, based on the names of strongly recognized brands? Discuss examples of strong global brands. LO4
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Product Identification
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Benefits of Branding Product Identification Repeat Sales New Product Sales LO4
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Top Ten Global Brands LO4 1. Coca-Cola U.S. 2. IBM 3. Microsoft 4. GE
Chapter 9 Product Concepts 1. Coca-Cola U.S. 2. IBM 3. Microsoft 4. GE 5. Nokia Finland 6. McDonald’s 7. Google 8. Toyota Japan 9. Intel 10. Disney Source: Burt Helm, "Best Global Brands," BusinessWeek September 28, 2009 LO4
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Branding Strategies LO4 Brand No Brand Manufacturer’s Brand
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Branding Strategies Brand No Brand Manufacturer’s Brand Private Brand Individual Brand Family Brand Combi- nation Notes: The lack of a brand name, a generic product, can be a selling point. If a brand is used, the choice is made between a manufacturers’ brand, a private brand, or both. With either a manufacturers’ brand or a private brand, a decision is made among: Individual brand—different brands for different products Family brand—common names for different products or a Combination of individual branding and family branding. Discussion/Team Activity: Name brands that fall into each of the categories shown on this slide. LO4
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The brand name of a manufacturer.
Branding Strategies Chapter 9 Product Concepts Manufacturers’ Brand The brand name of a manufacturer. Private Brand A brand name owned by a wholesaler or a retailer. Also known as a private label or store brand. Captive A brand manufactured by a third party for exclusive retailer, without evidence of a that retailer’s affiliation LO4
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Advantages of Manufacturers’ Brands
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Advantages of Manufacturers’ Brands Heavy consumer ads by manufacturers Attract new customers Enhance dealer’s prestige Rapid delivery, carry less inventory If dealer carries poor quality brand, customer may simply switch brands and remain loyal to dealer LO4
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Advantages of Private Brands
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Advantages of Private Brands Earn higher profits on own brand Less pressure to mark down price Manufacturer can become a direct competitor or drop a brand/reseller Ties customer to wholesaler or retailer Wholesalers and retailers have no control over the intensity of distribution of manufacturers’ brands LO4
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Advantages of Captive Brands
No evidence of store’s affiliation Sold exclusively at the chain Can ask price similar to manufacturer’s brands LO4
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Individual Brands Versus Family Brands
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Individual Brands Versus Family Brands Individual Brand Using different brand names for different products. Family Brand Marketing several different products under the same brand name. LO4
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Complementary Branding
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Cobranding Ingredient Branding Cooperative Branding Complementary Branding Types of Cobranding On-Line: Bose Many automobile manufacturers tout the fact that their cars include audio systems engineered by Bose. Visit the Bose Web site and search for the list of vehicles that offer Bose stereos as standard or optional equipment. What types of brands are they? How do the relationships benefit Bose? What is the payoff for the auto manufacturers? Notes: Cobranding is placing two or more brand names on a product or its package. Ingredient branding identifies the brand of a part that makes up the product. Examples: Intel in Dell computers, Coach interiors in Lincoln automobiles. Cooperative branding occurs when two brands receive equal treatment. Examples: Promotional contest sponsored by Ramada Inns, American Express, and Continental Airlines. Complementary branding refers to products advertised or marketed together to suggest usage. The benefits of cobranding include: Enhancement of prestige or value of a product and increased market presence in markets with little or no market share. Online LO4
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A Trademark is the exclusive right to use a brand.
Trademarks Chapter 9 Product Concepts A Trademark is the exclusive right to use a brand. Many parts of a brand and associated symbols qualify for trademark protection. Trademark right comes from use rather than registration. The mark has to be continuously protected. Rights continue for as long as the mark is used. Trademark law applies to the online world. Notes: A trademark is the exclusive right to use a brand or part of a brand. Others are prohibited to use without permission. A service mark performs the same function for services. Parts of a brand or other product identification may qualify for trademark protection. Some of the best known trademarked features include the Coca-Cola bottle and the Nike “Swoosh,” the Jeep front grille, and the Levi’s pocket tag. Companies that fail to protect trademarks face the risk of product names becoming generic. This list includes aspirin, cellophane, thermos, monopoly, cola, and shredded wheat. Discussion/Team Activity: Discuss some heavily-protected product brands that are used generically in conversations. Examples might include Kleenex, Xerox, Band-Aid Brand Adhesive Bandages, etc. LO4
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Marketing Uses of Branding
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Marketing Uses of Branding LO4
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Describe marketing uses of packaging and labeling
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Packaging Describe marketing uses of packaging and labeling LO5
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Functions of Packaging
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Functions of Packaging Contain and Protect Promote Facilitate Storage, Use, and Convenience Facilitate Recycling Online Levesque Design Design 4 Packaging What does it take to design a successful package? Visit the Web sites of Levesque Design and Design 4 Packaging to find out. What is the most innovative or eye-catching package you see? Notes: Packaging serves not only the practical function of containing and protecting products as they travel through the distribution channel, but it is also a container for promoting the product and making it safer and easier to use. Online LO5
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Packaging Innovations
Packages tend to have the same shapes and sizes Easy consumer comparison Innovations for ease of use can be a competitive advantage Collection of some great innovations in 2009: Great packaging does not make up for an unsatisfactory product LO5
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Beyond the Book 100 Percent Recyclable LO5
Chapter 9 Product Concepts 100 Percent Recyclable Coca-Cola is building the largest recycling plant in the world. The plant will produce 100 million pounds of food-grade recycled plastic for reuse each year. That’s enough plastic to produce two billion 20-ounce Coke bottles. Coca-Cola’s goal is to recycle or reuse 100 percent of the company’s plastic bottles in the U.S. market. By meeting that goal over the next ten years, the Coca-Cola recycling plant will eliminate the production of one million metric tons of CO2 emissions—the equivalent of removing 215,000 cars from American highways. Beyond the Book Notes: SOURCE: Press Release, The Coca-Cola Company, Atlanta, GA, September 5, 2007 LO5
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Labeling LO5 Persuasive Informational Focuses on promotional theme
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Labeling Persuasive Focuses on promotional theme Consumer information is secondary Informational Helps make proper selections Lowers cognitive dissonance Includes use/care Online: Just what does the label on your snack foods have to say? What about your makeup/ go to the food and Drug Administration's Web site to read the exact requirements for labeling various products. Pick a product and report back to the class. Notes: Package labeling takes two forms: persuasive or informational. Online LO5
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Universal Product Codes
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Universal Product Codes Universal Product Codes (UPCs) A series of thick and thin vertical lines (bar codes), readable by computerized optical scanners, that represent numbers used to track products. Notes: Universal product codes, often called bar codes, were first introduced in 1974. UPCs help retailers prepare records of customer purchases, control inventories, and track sales. LO5
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Global Issues in Branding and Packaging
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Global Issues in Branding and Packaging Discuss global issues in branding and packaging LO6
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Global Issues in Branding
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Global Issues in Branding Adaptations & Modifications Global Options for Branding One Brand Name Everywhere Different Brand Names in Different Markets Notes: When entering a foreign market with an existing product a firm has three options for handling the brand name: One brand name everywhere. Coca-Cola uses this strategy in 195 countries around the world. This strategy allows greater recognition of the product and easier promotional coordination from market to market. Adaptations and modifications are used when the name cannot be pronounced or interpreted successfully in a different language. Different brand names for different markets: Local brand names are used when translation or pronunciation problems occur, when the marketer wants the brand to appear to be a local brand, or when regulations require localization. LO6
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Global Issues in Packaging
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Global Issues in Packaging Aesthetics Global Considerations for Packaging Climate Considerations Labeling Notes: Labeling concern is translation of ingredient, promotional, and instructional information on labels. Package aesthetics are important from a cultural perspective. For example, colors may have different and often negative connotations. Package size is influenced by availability of refrigeration, amount of storage space, and even the purchasing power of buyers. On the other hand, simple visual elements of the brand, such as a logo or symbol, can be a standardizing element across products and countries. Extreme climates and long-distance shipping necessitate sturdier packages. Packages may need a longer shelf life. LO6
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Global Package designs
2009 European Design Awards Creative global packaging Some of the winners Blog highlighting interesting global packaging LO6
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and why product warranties are important
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Product Warranties Describe how and why product warranties are important marketing tools LO7
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A confirmation of the quality or performance of a good or service.
Chapter 9 Product Concepts Product Warranties Warranty Express Implied Warranty A confirmation of the quality or performance of a good or service. A written guarantee. An unwritten guarantee that the good or service is fit for the purpose for which it was sold. (UCC) LO7
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