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CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b1 Principles of Remote Sensing Image from NASA – Goddard Space Flight Center, NOAA GOES-8 satellite, 2 Sep ’94, 1800 UT.

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Presentation on theme: "CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b1 Principles of Remote Sensing Image from NASA – Goddard Space Flight Center, NOAA GOES-8 satellite, 2 Sep ’94, 1800 UT."— Presentation transcript:

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2 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b1 Principles of Remote Sensing Image from NASA – Goddard Space Flight Center, NOAA GOES-8 satellite, 2 Sep ’94, 1800 UT

3 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b2 Scanning planet Earth from space

4 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b3 A hierarchy of remote sensing Satellite sensing Aerial photography Ground-truthing Image from Avery. Interpretation of Aerial Photographs.

5 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b4 History of remote sensing Earliest vehicle was …? Tournachon (‘Nadar’) took 1 st aerial photograph in 1858 (since lost) Earliest conserved aerial photograph: Boston, J. Black, 1860 Early applications were in military reconnaissance

6 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b5 WWII – heavy use of aerial reconnaissance Images: Avery. 1977. Interpretation of Aerial Photographs. 3rd ed. Burgess Press, Minneapolis, MN.

7 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b6 “Spy planes” & the Cold War

8 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b7 Satellite sensing Russian Sputnik (1957) - radio transmitter only Rapid response by US: CORONA (1960) Early applications: military reconnaissance

9 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b8 Advantages of satellites Wide coverage Vertical (orthogonal) view at near-infinite height Automated, 24/7 operation Rapid data collection

10 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b9 Spectral bands Three important spectral bands: visible light infrared radiation microwave radiation Image from NASA 1987. SAR: Synthetic Aperture Radar. Earth Observing System, Vol. IIf.

11 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b10 Classes of sensors Photographic panchromatic color Infrared (IR)  film (near IR)  thermal IR sensors for longer wave- lengths Multi-spectral scanners  image scanned across sensors  sensors for many wavelengths Radar  RAdio Detection And Ranging  active imaging

12 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b11 Infrared sensors  IR penetrates haze and light cloud cover can be used at night used by military for camouflage detection IR ‘signature’ often distinct from visible image

13 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b12 Color IR film  Used with yellow (blue- absorbing) filter 3 primary pigments, but not “true” (visible) color - green vegetation = red - clear water = dark blue - turbid water = bright blue - soil = green - urban areas = pale blue Top image: Committee on Earth Observation Satellites http://ceos.cnes.fr:8100/cdrom-98/ceos1/irsd/content.htm Bottom image: Avery. 1977. Interpretation of Aerial Photographs. 3 rd ed. Burgess Press, Minneapolis, MN.

14 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b13 Multispectral sensors Visible + IR spectra Comparison of film and electronic sensor spectral bands Top: Avery 1977. Interpretation of Aerial Photography. Burgess Publ., Ninneapolis Bottom: ASTER Science page (http://www.science.aster.ersdac.or.jp/users/parte1/02-5.htm#3)

15 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b14 Landsat Images Landsat 1-4 launched 1972 – ’82; expired Landsat 5 & 7 launched 1985 & 1999; both operational TM: thematic mapper. - 7 spectral bands - designed primarily for ES themes http://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/project/L7images.html

16 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b15 TM Applications BandSpectral range (µm) “Color”Application 10.45 – 0.52Blue-greenSoil/vegetation separation 20.52 – 0.60GreenReflection from vegetation 30.63 – 0.69RedChlorophyll absorption 40.76 – 0.90Near IRDelineation of water bodies 51.55 – 1.75Mid IRVegetative moisture 610.4 – 12.5Far IRHydrothermal mapping 72.08 – 2.35Mid IRPlant heat stress

17 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b16 Hydrology example Images from Avery. Interpretation of Aerial Photographs.

18 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b17 Radar sensors active sensing day & night, all weather less affected by scattering (aerosols) vertical or oblique perspective Lo & Yeung, fig. 8.13

19 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b18 Uses of radar: altimetry satellite-nadir distance geoid & topographic measurements sea elevation, tides & currents wave/storm measurements Both images from NASA 1987. Altimetric System. Earth Observing System, Vol. IIh.

20 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b19 Uses of radar: SAR glaciology hydrology vegetation science geology Image from NASA 1987. SAR: Synthetic Aperture Radar. Earth Observing System, Vol. IIf.

21 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b20 Sensor resolution Spatial: size of smallest objects visible on ground. Ranges from 1 km. Inversely related to area covered by image Spectral: wavelengths recorded. Ex. panchromatic film (~0.2 – 0.7 µm); Landsat Thematic Mapper bands (0.06 to 0.24 µm wide) Radiometric: # bits/pixel. Ex. Landsat TM (8 bit); AVRIS (12 bit) Temporal: for satellite, time to repeat coverage. Ex. Landsats 5 & 7 (16 days)

22 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b21 Spatial resolution of satellite images A sampler of recent (civilian) satellites: SponsorSatellite (instrument)YearRes. (m) NASALandsat (Thematic Mapper)1980-90s30 (MSS) NASA & others EOS Terra (ASTER)200015 - 90 (MSS) FranceSPOT-3 to 51993- 2002 10 to 5 (pan) Space Imaging IKONOS-219991 (pan) 4 (MSS) EarthWatchQuickbird-220010.6 (pan) 2.5 (MSS)

23 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b22 Satellite image resolution Quickbird 2 Commercial venture 0.63 m resolution U.S. trying to discourage open access to finer resolution images Digitalglobe.com

24 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b23 Satellite orbits Geostationary 36,000 km above equator Polar varying heights often in Sun- synchronous orbits Both diagrams from European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites www.eumetsat.de/en/mtp/space/polar.html

25 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b24 Satellite coverage Geostationary no polar coverage coverage is 24/7 low ground reso- lution (~ 1 km) Polar global coverage coverage is dis- continuous Both diagrams from European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites www.eumetsat.de/en/mtp/space/polar.html

26 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b25 Geostationary orbits Ex. GOES satellites Meteorological satellites GOES-8 at 75 o W, GOES-9 at 135 o W 5 bands (1 visible, 4 thermal infrared) Image from NASA – Goddard Space Flight Center, NOAA GOES satellite, Hurricane Floyd, 15 Sep ‘99

27 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b26 Polar orbits Ex. Landsat & Terra satellites 705 km height, ~100 minute orbit 185 km swath 16 day repeat Sun-synchronous orbits (~0945 a.m. equator crossing) Orbit tracking data from NASA – http://liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/realtime/JTrack/eos.html, 5 Mar ‘03

28 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b27 Terra (and EOS) Terra launched 1999 Carries 5 instruments; the MSS imager is called ASTER (from Japan) 14 spectral bands: - 3 VIS/near IR (15 m) - 6 short IR (30 m) - 5 thermal IR (90 m) Images from www.nasa.gov

29 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b28 NYC drought The ASTER image pair depicts a 215-square-kilometer (80- square-mile) area around Ashokan Reservoir in the Catskill Mountains, one of several Catskills reservoirs that supply water to the New York City metropolitan area. The images, taken September 18, 2000, and February 3, 2002, show a dramatic decrease in reservoir water level to the current 52 percent of capacity. Image courtesy NASA/GSFC/MITI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTER Science TeamASTER Science Team

30 CS 128/ES 228 - Lecture 8b29 Urban development study http://corp.mmp.kosnet.com/CORP_CD_2004/ archiv/papers/CORP2004_RADNAABAZAR_KUF FER_HOFSTEE.PDF Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Study used: -SPOT images -LANDSAT images -ASTER images - 1:5,000 maps - 1:10,000 aerial photos

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