2. INVESTMENTS: Analysis and Management Second Canadian Edition INVESTMENTS: Analysis and Management Second Canadian Edition W. Sean Cleary Charles P. Jones

3. Chapter 13 Common Stock Valuation

4. Name two approaches to the valuation of common stocks used in fundamental security analysis. Explain the present value approach. Use the dividend discount model to estimate stock prices. Explain the P/E ratio approach. Outline other relative valuation approaches. Learning Objectives

5. Present value approach  Capitalization of expected income  Intrinsic value based on the discounted value of the expected stream of future cash flows Multiple of earnings approach  Valuation relative to a financial performance measure  Justified P/E ratio Fundamental Analysis

6. Estimated intrinsic value compared to the current market price  What if market price is different than estimated intrinsic value? Intrinsic value of a security is Present Value Approach

7. Discount rate  Required rate of return: minimum expected rate to induce purchase  The opportunity cost of dollars used for investment Expected cash flows  Stream of dividends or other cash payouts over the life of the investment Required Inputs

8. Expected cash flows  Dividends paid out of earnings Earnings important in valuing stocks  Retained earnings enhance future earnings and ultimately dividends Retained earnings imply growth and future dividends Produces similar results as current dividends in valuation of common shares Required Inputs

9. Current value of a share of stock is the discounted value of all future dividends Dividend Discount Model

10. Problems:  Need infinite stream of dividends  Dividend stream is uncertain Must estimate future dividends  Dividends may be expected to grow over time Must model expected growth rate of dividends and need not be constant Dividend Discount Model

11. Assume no growth in dividends  Fixed dollar amount of dividends reduces the security to a perpetuity  Similar to preferred stock because dividend remains unchanged Dividend Discount Model

12. Assume constant growth rate in dividends  Dividends expected to grow at a constant rate, g, over time Dividend Discount Model  D1 is the expected dividend at end of the first period  D1 = D0 x (1+g)

13. Implications of constant growth  Stock prices grow at the same rate as the dividends  Stock total returns grow at the required rate of return Growth rate in price plus growth rate in dividends equals k, the required rate of return  A lower required return or a higher expected growth in dividends raises prices Dividend Discount Model

14. Multiple growth rates: two or more expected growth rates in dividends  Ultimately, growth rate must equal that of the economy as a whole  Assume growth at a rapid rate for n periods, followed by steady growth Dividend Discount Model

15. Multiple growth rates  First present value covers the period of super- normal (or sub-normal) growth  Second present value covers the period of stable growth Expected price uses constant-growth model as of the end of super- (sub-) normal period Value at n must be discounted to time period zero Dividend Discount Model

16. 0 k=16% 123 4 g = 30% g = 30% g = 30% g = 6% D 0 = 4.00 5.20 6.76 8.788 9.315 4.48 5.02 5.63 59.68 P 3 = 9.315 74.81 = P 0.10 Valuing equity with growth of 30% for 3 years, then a long-run constant growth of 6% Example

17. Is the dividend discount model only capable of handling dividends?  Capital gains are also important Price received in future reflects expectations of dividends from that point forward  Discounting dividends or a combination of dividends and price produces same results What About Capital Gains?

18. “Fair” value based on the capitalization of income process  The objective of fundamental analysis If intrinsic value >(<) current market price, hold or purchase (avoid or sell) because the asset is undervalued (overvalued)  Decision will always involve estimates If intrinsic value = current market price, an equilibrium because the asset is correctly valued Intrinsic Value

19. Alternative approach often used by security analysts P/E ratio is the strength with which investors value earnings as expressed in stock price  Divide the current market price of the stock by the latest 12-month earnings  Price paid for each $1 of earnings P/E Ratio or Earnings Multiplier Approach

20. To estimate share value P/E ratio can be derived from  Indicates the factors that affect the estimated P/E ratio P/E Ratio Approach

21. The higher the payout ratio, the higher the justified P/E  Payout ratio is the proportion of earnings that are paid out as dividends The higher the expected growth rate, g, the higher the justified P/E The higher the required rate of return, k, the lower the justified P/E P/E Ratio Approach

22. Can firms increase payout ratio to increase market price?  Will future growth prospects be affected? Does rapid growth affect the riskiness of earnings?  Will the required return be affected?  Are some growth factors more desirable than others? P/E ratios reflect expected growth and risk Understanding the P/E Ratio

23. A P/E ratio reflects investor optimism and pessimism  Related to the required rate of return As interest rates increase, required rates of return on all securities generally increase P/E ratios and interest rates are inversely related P/E Ratios and Interest Rates

24. Market-to-book ratio (M/B)  Ratio of share price to per share shareholder’s equity as measured on the balance sheet  Price paid for each $1 of equity Price-to-sales ratio (P/S)  Ratio of company’s market value (price times number of shares) divided by sales  Market valuation of a firm’s revenues Other Valuation Techniques

25. Economic Value Added (EVA)  Difference between operating profits and cost of capital  Technique for focusing on a firm’s return on capital in order to determine if shareholders are being rewarded  EVA = (ROC - WACC) x Capital  EVA = NOPAT - (WACC x Capital) Other Valuation Techniques

26. Market Value Added (MVA)  A measure of external performance  MVA = Market value of the firm – Capital  MVA relies on market perceptions and is more forward looking than EVA Other Valuation Techniques

27. Best estimate is probably the present value of the (estimated) dividends  Can future dividends be estimated with accuracy?  Investors like to focus on capital gains not dividends P/E multiplier remains popular for its ease of use and the objections to the dividend discount model Which Approach Is Best?

28. Complementary approaches?  P/E ratio can be derived from the constant- growth version of the dividend discount model  Dividends are paid out of earnings  Using both increases the likelihood of obtaining reasonable results Dealing with uncertain future is always subject to error Which Approach Is Best?

29. Appendix 13-A Analysis and Valuation of Preferred Stocks Described as a perpetuity, and it will pay the indicated dividend forever Dividends are fixed when the stock is issued; these dividends are specified as an annul dollar amount or as a percentage of par value Less risky because the dividend is specified and must be paid before a common stock dividend can be paid

30. When the required rate of return rises, the price of the preferred stock declines, vice versa Appendix 13-A Analysis and Valuation of Preferred Stocks

31. Appendix 13-B The Free Cash Flow Valuation Approach FCF to the Firm Valuation Approach  Focuses on the present value of the estimated future FCFs available to all supplies of capital after all expenses have been paid  Using firm’s weighted average cost of capital (WACC)  FCF F = NI + D – Cap. EX. +/- ΔWC + I (1 – t) or FCF F = EBIT (1 – t) + D (t) – Cap. Ex. +/- ΔWC

32. FCF to Equity Valuation Approach  Focuses on finding the present value of the estimated future FCFs available to equity holders after all expenses have been paid and all capital expenditures have been funded  FCF E = FCF F – I (1-t) +/- Net Debt or FCF E = NI + D – Cap. Ex. +/- ΔWC +/- Net Debt Appendix 13-B The Free Cash Flow Valuation Approach

33. Appropriate when the company whose shares are being analyzed does not pay dividends, or if the company pays dividends, but dividends differ significantly from the company’s capacity to pay dividends When to Use Free Cash Flow?

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