1. Lecture 12: Image Processing Thursday 12 February Last lecture: Earth-orbiting satellites Reading, LKC 7.20-7.21 p. 615 - 621

2. Image Processing Because of the way most remote-sensing texts are organized, what strikes most students is the vast array of algorithms with odd names and obscure functions What is elusive is the underlying simplicity. Many algorithms are substantially the same – they have similar purposes and similar results

3. Image Processing There are basically five families of algorithms that do things to images: 1)Radiometric algorithms change the DNs Calibration Contrast enhancement 2) Geometric algorithms change the spatial arrangement of pixels or adjust DN’s based on their neighbors’ values Registration “Visualization” Spatial-spectral transformation Spatial filtering

4. Image Processing 3) Spectral analysis algorithms are based on the relationship of DNs within a given pixel Color enhancement Spectral transformations (e.g., PCA) Spectral Mixture Analysis 4) Statistical algorithms characterize or compare groups of radiance data Estimate geophysical parameters Spectral similarity (classification, spectral matching) Input to GIS

5. Image Processing 5) Modeling calculate non-radiance parameters from the radiance and other data Estimate geophysical parameters Make thematic maps Input to GIS

6. Image Processing There is a dazzling array of things for the future professional to become familiar with I’m trying to over-simplify it to begin with Most algorithms are handled pretty well in most remote-sensing texts. Spectral Mixture Analysis is an exception*, so… - we’ll look at Spectral Mixture Analysis next lecture but see ESS-422 (ESS-590) and Adams & Gillespie, 2006, “Spectral Remote Sensing of Landscapes.” Cambridge University Press.

7. Raw image data Instrument calibration Image rectification, cartographic projection, registration, geocoding Atmospheric compensation Pixel illumination-viewing geometry (topographic compensation) Image display/inspection 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Pre-processing Image Processing Sequence (single image) Working image data

8. Image Processing Sequence (single image) Working image data Product Further image processing Selection of training data/endmembers Initial classification or other type of analysis Interpretation/verification or further analysis 6. 7. 8. 9. Processing Spectral analysis 10.

10. Commonly used ratios: - Landsat TM 5/7 for clays, carbonates, vegetation - 3/1 for iron oxide - 2/4 or 3/4 or 5/4 for vegetation Band RatiosTITAN B/R G/RB/G CRC: R = B/R G = G/R B = B/G Color Ratio Images

11. The Vegetation Index (VI) = DN 4 /DN 3 is a ratio. Ratios suppress topographic shading because the cos(i) term appears in both numerator and denominator. Ratios

12. NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index DN 4 -DN 3 is a measure of how much chlorophyll absorption is present, but it is sensitive to cos(i) unless the difference is divided by the sum DN 4 +DN 3.

13. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Designed to reduce redundancy in multispectral bands Topography - shading Spectral correlation from band to band Either enhancement prior to visual interpretation or pre-processing for classification or other analysis Compress all info originally in many bands into fewer bands

14. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) In the simple case of 45º axis rotation, PC 1 PC 2 The rotation in PCA depends on the data. In the top case, all the image data have similar DN 2 /DN 1 ratios but different intensities, and PC 1 passes through the elongated cluster. In the bottom example, vegetation causes there to be 2 mixing lines (different DN 4 /DN 3 ratios (and the “tasseled cap” distribution such that PC 1 still passes through the centroid of the data, but is a different rotation that in the top case.

15. Tasseled Cap Transformation Transforms (rotates) the data so that the majority of the information is contained in 3 bands that are directly related to physical scene characteristics Brightness (weighted sum of all bands – principal variation in soil reflectance) Greenness (contrast between NIR and VIS bands Wetness (canopy and soil moisture)

16. Green Soil TCT is a fixed rotation that is designed so that the mixing line connecting shadow and sunlit green vegetation parallels one axis and shadow-soil another. It is similar to the PCT. Tasseled Cap Transformation (TCT)

17. Next lecture – Spectral Mixture Analysis