1. Conservation of Energy… Revisited E = mc 2 ?? A thinking duck ??

2. Conservation of Energy… Revisited I’m a goose! A thinking duck ??

3. E = mc 2

5. OK, egghead. So what’s this all about then?

7. This equation simply shows how matter and energy are related.

8. Let me put this in a way that a duck can understand…

9. Goose!

10. Let’s say you have 100 Euros and you want to convert it to US Dollars… What DO you do?

11. Friendly Neighborhood European Bank Well, you could go to the bank.

12. Friendly Neighborhood European Bank Well, you could go to the bank. They will calculate, using the current EXCHANGE RATE, how many American Dollars you can get for 100 Euros. (for our purposes, let us ignore the inevitable service charge)

13. 100 EUROS ?? US DOLLARS= According to the exchange rate for Euros into Dollars, you get 1.5 Dollars for every 1 Euro. So €100 gets you $150.

14. € 100 100 EUROS ?? US DOLLARS= According to the exchange rate for Euros into Dollars, you get 1.5 Dollars for every 1 Euro. So €100 gets you $150.

15. 100 EUROS ?? US DOLLARS= € 100 EXCHANGE RATE According to the exchange rate for Euros into Dollars, you get 1.5 Dollars for every 1 Euro. So €100 gets you $150.

16. $ 150 100 EUROS ?? US DOLLARS= € 100 EXCHANGE RATE According to the exchange rate for Euros into Dollars, you get 1.5 Dollars for every 1 Euro. So €100 gets you $150.

17. So, in the transformation of Euros into Dollars, the amount of dollars ($) is obtained by multiplying the amount of Euros (€) by the exchange rate (x). We can express this in a formula: $ = € x where x = 1.5 dollars per euro

18. Now, let’s say you have Matter with a mass of 100 kilograms (kg) that you want to convert to Energy, which we shall measure in joules (J)… What DO you do?

19. Well, first we have to go to a different bank.

20. Universal Bank of the Universe (Local Group Affiliate) Well, first we have to go to a different bank.

21. Nature will calculate, using her EXCHANGE RATE, how many joules of Energy (E) you can get for a mass (m) of 100 kg. (again, we shall assume that there is no service charge) Universal Bank of the Universe (Local Group Affiliate) Well, first we have to go to a different bank.

22. 100 kilograms ?? joules= m m E According to the exchange rate for mass into energy, you get 90,000,000,000,000,000 J of energy (E) for every 1 kg of mass (m). So 100 kg gets you 9,000,000,000,000,000,000 J !

23. 100 kilograms ?? joules= m m E m m 100 kg According to the exchange rate for mass into energy, you get 90,000,000,000,000,000 J of energy (E) for every 1 kg of mass (m). So 100 kg gets you 9,000,000,000,000,000,000 J !

24. 100 kilograms ?? joules= m m E EXCHANGE RATE m m 100 kg According to the exchange rate for mass into energy, you get 90,000,000,000,000,000 J of energy (E) for every 1 kg of mass (m). So 100 kg gets you 9,000,000,000,000,000,000 J !

25. E 9,000,000,000,000,000,000 J EXCHANGE RATE m m 100 kg 100 kilograms ?? joules= m m E According to the exchange rate for mass into energy, you get 90,000,000,000,000,000 J of energy (E) for every 1 kg of mass (m). So 100 kg gets you 9,000,000,000,000,000,000 J !

26. So, in the transformation of mass into energy, the amount of energy (E) is obtained by multiplying the amount of mass (m) by the exchange rate. But unlike the first bank, Nature’s exchange rate is fixed, and it has a value of 90,000,000,000,000,000 joules per kilogram. This is no arbitrary value. It is the square of the speed of light.

27. So, in the transformation of mass into energy, the amount of energy (E) is obtained by multiplying the amount of mass (m) by the exchange rate. But unlike the first bank, Nature’s exchange rate is fixed, and it has a value of 90,000,000,000,000,000 joules per kilogram. This is no arbitrary value. It is the square of the speed of light. The speed of light is a universal constant and is given the symbol ‘c’. The value for c is 300,000,000 m/s, so c × c = c 2 =90,000,000,000,000,000 m 2 /s 2 (You should convince yourself that m 2 /s 2 and J/kg are equivalent units. See “Units” in the Background Materials.)

28. So, in the transformation of mass into energy, the amount of energy (E) is obtained by multiplying the amount of mass (m) by the exchange rate. But unlike the first bank, Nature’s exchange rate is fixed, and it has a value of 90,000,000,000,000,000 joules per kilogram. This is no arbitrary value. It is the square of the speed of light. The speed of light is a universal constant and is given the symbol ‘c’. The value for c is 300,000,000 m/s, so c × c = c 2 =90,000,000,000,000,000 m 2 /s 2 (You should convince yourself that m 2 /s 2 and J/kg are equivalent units. See “Units” in the Background Materials.) We can express all of this in a formula: E = mc 2

29. So you see, my feathered friend…

30. … at the bank I can transform one CURRENCY into another. … at the bank I can transform one CURRENCY into another.

31. Both are money, but they are in different forms.

32. Matter and energy are also simply different forms of the same thing …

33. — I prefer to call it MASS-ENERGY. — I prefer to call it MASS-ENERGY.

34. The one can be transformed into the other.

35. In the transformation of mass to energy…

36. …the EXCHANGE RATE is the square of the speed of light: c 2 …the EXCHANGE RATE is the square of the speed of light: c 2

37. …the EXCHANGE RATE is the square of the speed of light: c 2 …the EXCHANGE RATE is the square of the speed of light: c 2 Does this guy ever shut up?

38. And since c has a VERY large value and we are squaring it… Does this guy ever shut up?

39. …we get an enormous amount of energy…

40. OK, thank you OK, thank you

41. …for a tiny amount of matter. OK, thank you OK, thank you

42. Now, the transformation energy to mass, Now, the transformation energy to mass,

43. Now, the transformation energy to mass, Now, the transformation energy to mass, You know, I just remembered, I have an appointment… You know, I just remembered, I have an appointment…

44. …you know, that can happen, too! You know, I just remembered, I have an appointment… You know, I just remembered, I have an appointment…

45. Energy can transform into mass! Energy can transform into mass!

46. sigh Energy can transform into mass! Energy can transform into mass!

47. Let’s say you now have 100 US Dollars and you want to convert it into Euros… 100 DOLLARS?? EUROS=

48. 100 DOLLARS?? EUROS= Remembering that $ = €x, then rearranging gives $ x −€= Let’s say you now have 100 US Dollars and you want to convert it into Euros…

49. You will get 100 ÷ 1.5 = € 66.67

50. You will get 100 ÷ 1.5 = € 66.67 $ 100

51. € 66.67 = You will get 100 ÷ 1.5 = € 66.67

52. Likewise, to convert energy to mass we rearrange E = mc 2 and use E m c2c2 − = So, for example…

53. Likewise, to convert energy to mass we rearrange E = mc 2 and use E m c2c2 − = 100 J E So, for example…

54. Likewise, to convert energy to mass we rearrange E = mc 2 and use E m c2c2 − = 100 J = E So, for example… 0.0000000000000011 kg

56. And…?

57. That’s it.

58. Would you like to see my monkey?

59. HOW EINSTEIN ACTUALLY PHRASED IT… "It followed from the special theory of relativity that mass and energy are both but different manifestations of the same thing – a somewhat unfamiliar conception for the average mind. Furthermore, the equation E = mc 2, in which energy is put equal to mass, multiplied by the square of the velocity of light, showed that very small amounts of mass may be converted into a very large amount of energy and vice versa. The mass and energy were in fact equivalent, according to the formula mentioned above."

60. And finally, a word about those bank service charges: Universal Bank of the Universe (Local Group Affiliate)

61. And finally, a word about those bank service charges: If we want to take advantage of the very large amount of energy that can be obtained from a very small amount of mass, then we could get it from a nuclear reaction. But there will be a service charge on that exchange — and it is huge: For example, only a tiny fraction of the mass of fissionable uranium is converted into energy. The rest goes into making lighter elements. That is the fee. Universal Bank of the Universe (Local Group Affiliate)

62. And finally, a word about those bank service charges: If we want to take advantage of the very large amount of energy that can be obtained from a very small amount of mass, then we could get it from a nuclear reaction. But there will be a service charge on that exchange — and it is huge: For example, only a tiny fraction of the mass of fissionable uranium is converted into energy. The rest goes into making lighter elements. That is the fee. However, when matter and antimatter annihilate, the conversion from mass to energy is absolute. There is no service charge with this particular transformation of mass to energy. Universal Bank of the Universe (Local Group Affiliate)