1. Calculation of Similarity (Chernoff et al. 1999, 2000, 2001) 1. Observed Similarity = mean of 200 random sub- samples of larger population at size of smaller population (rarefication) 2. Use Simpson’s Similarity index -- shared presences only 41

2. Calculation of Similarity (Chernoff et al. 1999, 2000, 2001) 3. Compare to distribution of 500 random species vectors at size of smaller population 4. Observed Similarity can be interpreted if more than 2 std. dev’s above or below mean of random distribution 42

3. 43

4. Random Similarity, community=120, total=313 44

5. Mean Random Similarity Total=313 45

6. Variation of Random Similarity Total = 313 46

7. Similarity Among Macrohabitats -- Fish Data 47

8. Frequency 20 0 30 0 40 0 50 0 60 0 70 0 0 20 40 60 80 Matrix Temperature observed = 27.83 0 Monte Carlo Simulation of Matrix “Temperatures”, N=500 48

9. Similarity Networks 1.Only if matrix is not entropic 2.Camin-Sokal Parsimony No reversals Only independent acquisitions Clusters based on shared presence of species 49

10. 50

11. > 2,800,000 km 2 51

12. AquaRAP Southern Pantanal Brazil 52

13. 53

14. 54

15. 55

16. 56

17. 57

18. 58

19. 59

20. 60