1. The “Cobra” Fiber Positioner, the WFMOS Design, and Potential lessons for DESpec Michael Seiffert, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Richard Ellis, Caltech DESpec RAS and University College London March 2011 p.1

2. p.2 Density: Should roughly match desired target density. Practically, this means ~ 1000 sources/deg 2 At 4-8m telescope prime focus with typical plate scale this translates to positioner separation of ~ 10mm. Number: many 1000s. Maximize subject to budget constraint. Throughput Efficiency: Positioning accuracy should be high, and losses due to tilt, despace, and non-telecentricity should be small. Reconfiguration Speed: Fiber movement and position verification should proceed rapidly compared to exposure time. Robustness: A mechanically stiff system facilitates accuracy and allows lenses at fiber tip or other treatment of fiber ends. Fiber Positioner Design Considerations

3. Prime Focus Unit includes Wide Field Corrector (WFC) and Fiber Positioner. Spectrograph located above Naysmith platform Fiber connector mounted on top end structure Fiber Cable routed around elevation axis and brings light to the Spectrographs 3 WFMOS Concepts Are Relevant to DESpec Although the detailed designs are different, WFMOS, PFS and DESpec may share system aspects

4. Prime Focus Instrument (PFI) 4 In the WFMOS and PFS designs, several Subaru provided elements (field rotator, hexapod and wide field corrector) are shared with the HyperSuprimeCam

5. Rotator Interface Ring Positioner Equipment Bench Cobra Optic Bench Alignment System Cobra Modules with Drive Electronics 2400 Cobra Fiber Positioners 5 Rotating Portion of PFI

6. Positioner Optical Bench with 2400 Positioner Units 1 Positioner Unit - Cobra 6 Room for >4000 positioners 8mm apart in hexagonal pattern to enable field tiling

7. Positioner Element – “Cobra” Each motor rotates to provide complete coverage of the patrol region. Optical fibers mounted in “fiber arm” which attaches to upper postioner axis: Fiber runs through the center of the positioner – this couples the positioner and fiber system schedules and work efforts First axis of rotation Second axis of rotation Patrol Region Top View Fiber Tip Cobra 7 Theta stage Phi stage Fiber arm

8. 8mm Cobra Positioner Patrol Area (9.5 mm dia.) Theta Stage (2.4 mm radius) Phi Stage (2.4 mm radius) Geometry 8

9. Patrol Region – Area of the focal plane accessible to one fiber (9.5 mm diameter) Patrol Regions Patrol Region may have zero or may have many potential astronomical targets Allocation efficiency describes the success rate in assigning targets to fibers Adjacent patrol regions overlap with no gaps 9 Low target densities: degree of overlap between patrol regions is unimportant. Important not to have gaps. High target densities: degree of overlap not important – there are many targets in each patrol region to choose from Intermediate target densities: (target density ~ positioner density) there is some benefit to having larger overlap.

10. Positioner Electronics Boards Positioner Module A module is a subassembly of actuators and drive electronics boards – Staggered production – Parallel module integration – Early mechanical and electrical functional testing – Parallel fiber integration to reduce schedule – Increases serviceability 10

11. Motors Commercially available rotating tube motor: High torque when stationary and unpowered ~ 1 mN-m powered torque 1 mrad resolution 1 – 10 rev/sec speed – Pairs of PZT plates oscillate in tandem bending – Drive signals of the two PZT plates are phase shifted by 90 degrees – This creates a traveling wave on the stator that excites the rotor like a harmonic gearbox to rotate the shaft by extremely small angles

12. Cobra Prototype 1 st stage motor 2 nd stage motor Fiber optic Ceramic friction drive Lubrication free, zero backlash Journal bearing limits motor side loads Hardstops to limit fiber twisting 5 um precision of fiber positioning Motor movement < 1 sec/iteration 12 Cobra system tested at JPL in partnership with New Scale Technologies Achieves 5μm positioning accuracy in 6 iterations Prototype has also successfully completed lifetime and environmental testing.

13. 13 Prototype array of positioners is an essential precursor to proposing for a ~2400-4000 element system Proposed laboratory and on-sky testing of 19-element system via NSF/Caltech $ Cobra fiber positioners Proposed 7-element prototype to demonstrate mechanical integration, tolerances, & integrated electronics fiducial fibers Multiplexed motor electronics

14. Metrology Camera – establishes science fiber positions relative to fixed fiducial fibers on positioner focal plane WFMOS concept: Four camera systems each looking at a ¼ of the focal plane. Located on prime focus support struts looking back at positioner focal plane via primary. Each camera is 4k by 4k CCD with 15μm pixels. Cameras are defocused to allow centroiding. Future: Larger format (10 k x 10k) single camera? Are back-illuminated CCDs (better centroiding) really required? Metrology camera (1 of 4 shown) 14

15. Back-lit fiducial fibers used to establish position of science fibers on positioner plane. Encoder fibers used to establish rotation orientation Science fibers are back-lit in a sequence to allow discrimination between fibers in the overlap regions between adjacent fibers, 1/3 at at time. In one exposure only the fibers marked (1) are illuminated, the next exposure only the ones marked (2) are illuminated, etc. 1 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 3 1 1 23 3 15  Positioner moves elements in 3 groups of 800  Metrology camera views back-illuminated fibers. Fibers are illuminated in 3 groups of 800.  Movement, illumination, camera readout, computation in parallel  6 iterations can be completed in < 40 seconds

16. Fiber connector options APOGEE: US Conec 30 fiber connectors “ganging” with custom fixture allowing simultaneous mating of 300 fibers. Wilson et al., 2010 WFMOS team B study: Custom connector for 800 fibers with simultaneous mating. De Oliveira, 2008 16

17. Key challenge of fiber-fed spectrographs: getting the fiber placed accurately on the astronomical target – large field of view – large number of fibers – smaller diameter fiber Make sure the system design addresses these challenges: – Robust positioner design provides high precision – attention to differential mechanical flexure in overall structure – error budgets for mechanical tolerances – Correction for non-telecentricity? – Include imaging mode with fast readout for verification! 17

18. WFMOS design emphasizes instrument efficiency: stiff, robust, & precise positioner system with fast reconfiguration speed Lifetime, thermal, and simulated altitude testing of prototype complete. Dust or other contamination testing TBD. Now engaged in the PFS design effort Two proposals now pending for small array demonstration. Critical to demonstrate that technical risks are retired and costs are understood before scaling up to thousands of elements. – Internal JPL proposal pending for 7 element lab module – NSF proposal pending for 19 element, on-sky, Palomar demonstration Investigation now underway of improved fiber coupling. Concepts include elimination of fiber twist, tilt of fiber end for non-telecentricty correction, and inclusion of small lens at the fiber tip for f-ratio conversion. 18 Conclusions & Future directions