1.  Guards were once seen as having on the life of the inmate  1960s ◦ Officers influential than treatment staff ◦ on inmates due to rehabilitative focus  1970s and 1980s ◦ Retribution returns, inmate abuses

2.  In general: ◦ Must deal with clients impersonally and follow formal procedures ◦ Expected to counsel, supervise, protect, and process inmates under their care ◦ Problems recruiting and retaining high-quality staff ◦ Burnout

3.  Structured Conflict ◦ “You can be friendly with an inmate, but you can’t trust him…” ◦ Vast institutional differences   Only a small percentage of bad apples  The role of exchange relationships (again)  Traditional informal roles being by other staff

4.  Officer’s attitude toward inmates predicts the nature of his/her experiences, which further reinforces that attitude ◦  Officers report levels of job satisfaction when they have a

5.  levels of stress of any CJ job, and all the medical issues that come with it. ◦ Heart disease ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ High rates of disability leave for   

6.  High(est?) levels of stress of any CJ job, and all the medical issues that come with it. ◦  Causes ◦ Constant feeling of ◦ Lack of ◦ Feeling in the job ◦ Inadequate training ◦ Lack of with management ◦ Absence of policies, procedures, and rules

7.  The relationship can be positive. ◦  Guard assignments can influence/shape the interactions (more later from Newjack)  Four types of “power” COs can use: ◦

8.  Always aid an officer in distress or perceived distress  Never make a fellow officer look bad in front of inmates  Always support an officer in a dispute with an inmate  Always support another officer’s sanctions against an inmate  Don’t lug drugs  Don’t be a “white hat”

9.  Do not admit mistakes  Do not stab a coworker in the back  Carry your own weight  Defer to the wisdom and experience of veteran officers  Mind your own business

10.  Custody-oriented vs. Professionally-oriented  “subculture custodians” vs. “supported majority” vs. “lonely braves”  Professional vs. enforcer vs. reciprocator vs. avoider ◦ Represents degrees of discretion, coercion, and human relations

11.  Wardens used to rule the prisons ◦  Today, they are more professional administrators ◦  They face a variety of pressures ◦

12.  A well-run prison: ◦  To get it: ◦

13.  Administrators tend to hold treatment in higher regard than the officers  Challenges facing correctional administrators: ◦ Impact of the ◦ Increasing ◦ Civil service system and unions ◦ Judicial interventions ◦ ◦ Workforce diversity ◦ The media ◦ Rise of special needs and elderly inmates

14.  34% are members of minority groups and 22% are women  Presence of women believed to normalize sex-segregated prison environment and encourage self-control

15.  Still experience “tokenism” ◦  However: ◦

16.  Inmate views of female officers ◦  Some differences: ◦

17. Racial/Ethnic Composition of Correctional Officers and Inmates, Adult Systems, Nationwide

18.  Corporal punishment and excessive force are not permitted  Situations in which use of force is legally acceptable ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦